Exam 1 Flashcards by Kelly Whippo

Your top 3 differentials always?

Bacteria
Demodex
Dermatophyte

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Onset age of atopy is typically?

young (6months- 3 years)

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The pathogenesis of atopy is based on a skewed immune response; toward which cell type is the response skewed?

TH2 cells (overproduction of their pro-inflammatory cytokines)

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What are the components of eosinophilic granuloma complex in cats? (5)

1) eosinophilic plaques
2) rodent/indolent ulcer
3) linear granuloma
4) plasma cell pododermatitis
5) miliary dermatitis

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How is atopy diagnosed?

EXCLUSION!! (once everything else has been ruled out)

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Gold standard treatment for atopy?

Immunotherapy

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Gold standard/best test for identifying allergens to use with immunotherapy?

Intradermal skin testing

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With intradermal skin testing, what 3 factors are used to grade the response?

Size
turgidity
erythema

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Which types of allergens should not be mixed in the same vial and why?

Molds and pollens

Molds secrete an enzyme that degrades the pollen antigens into haptens, making them too small for the immune system to respond to

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What 2 ways can essential fatty acids help treat atopy?

1) influence arachadonic acid pathway (reduced inflammation)

2) help restore abnormal lipid bilayer of skin

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Most common flea spp. infecting cats and dogs?

Ctenocephalides felis

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Which type(s) of hypersensitivity reaction(s) is/are involved with flea bite hypersensitivity?

Type 1 & Type 4

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Which 3 skin lesions are suggestive of chronicity?

Lichenification
Hyperpigmentation
Alopecia

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Which GENERAL types of flea control are toxic to cats?

Organophosphates

Permethrins

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Many OTC cat flea medications contain which GENERAL type of flea control

Insect growth regulators (IGR)

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Which type of hypersensitivities are involved with food allergy?

Types 1, 3, and 4

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Only reliable method for Dx of food allergy?

Food elimination trial

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An important first step before applying any meds to treat sarcoptes

bathe with keratolytic shampp (removes crusts/scaling to allow meds to better penetrate)

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Ivermectin should never be given to any dog already receiving…..

Spinosad

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Avoid products containing _____ when treating for Notoedres

Permethrins!

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Do Cheyletiella mites burrow into the skin?

No; surface feeders

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What are the two types of lice?

Anoplura–sucking

Mallophaga–chewing/biting

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Name the general categorical breakdown of nodular dermatitis etiologies

Either inflammatory or non-inflammatory

Inflammatory is either infectious or sterile

Non-inflammatory= neoplastic

Infectious= bacterial, fungal/oomyces, parasitic

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Most common bacterial cause of nodular dermatitis?

Staphylococcus spp. (pseudintermedius)

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If you biopsy a lesion and find a Gram +, weakly acid-fast bacilli and NO sulfur granules...that's consistent with?

Nocardia spp.

An acid-fast, G+ rod that is commonly associated with the caudal abdominal fat in cats is.....

Mycobacteria

Mycobacteria is commonly associated with which type of inflammation?

pyogranulomatous

A G+, non acid-fast rod that's commensal to oral cavity, URT, and bowel?

Actinomyces **produces sulfur granules

Which bacteria is the most common cause of abscess in large animals?

Corynebacterium (C. pseudotuberculosis)

Match the description to the fungus: 1) Broad-based budding, large yeast 2) Narrow-based budding large yeast with a thick capsule 3) tiny, intracellular (inside macrophages), shrunk yeast with a halo 4) encapsulated endospores

1) Blastomycosis 2) Cryptococcosis 3) Histoplasmosis 4) Coccidiomycosis

The infectious stage of the fungal oomyces?

Flagellated zoospore **attracted to elevated CO2 levels at wounds

Which fungal oomyce likes to spread to the great vessels?

Lagenidium

The most common type of nodule in horses?

Eosinophilic granuloma

Food allergy in cats commonly presents with lesions in which location?

area btwn ear and lateral cathus of eye

Most common cause of eosinophilic reactions in cats?

Ectoparasites

If a cat presents with crusted papules, what should you always check for?

Ringworm (do DTM)

If a cat has developed eosinophlic plaques secondary to whatever allergic condition, which treatment modality will be ineffective?

Antihistamines

What two things do we think about when a cat presents with plasma cell pododermatitis?

1) contact dermatitis (try switching litters) | 2) mosquito hypersensitivity (they like to feed on paw pads)

Name the 4 factors predisposing to otitis

1) poor conformation 2) maceration 3) over medication (treatment) 4) obstruction

Most common primary cause of otitis? Top differentials when it's a recurring problem?

Hypersensitivity (allergy) Atopy and food allergy

Name 3 perpetuating factors for otitis

Bacteria Yeast Otitis media (progressive infections--think cats)

When would C&S be indicated for otitis?

When it's otitis media because you will need to use systemic antibiotics

What two things should NEVER be used to clean the ears

Chlorhexidine | Iodine (cats)

Concerning aminoglycosides and Fluorinate quinolones in treating otitis: 1) what spectrum do they each cover 2) are either ototoxic 3) how do exudates impact them

1) both cover G+ cocci and G- rods 2) Aminoglycosides are ototoxic 3) Aminoglycosides WILL breakdown in exudates but the FQs will not

3 effects corticosteroids can have when treating otitis

decrease inflammation decrease pruritus lower sebum production

4 indications for ear canal surgery

Calcified ear (mineralized) neoplasia stenosis proliferative (hyperplastic pinna)

Top 3 causes of pruritus in horses

Atopy Food allregy Insect hypersensitivity

Best treatment option for atop in horses? two other options?

Best= hyposensitization shots can also use prednisolone and hydroxyzine

Most common allergy you see in horses?

Culicoides hypersensitivity

What are your top 3 treatment options for Culicoides?

1) late afternoon fly spray (the feed in evening) 2) stable at night with fans blowing (bad fliers) 3) remove sources of stagnant water (where they breed)

List the 3 common causes of urticaria in horses

Drugs (vaccines, meds) Allergy (insect, atopy, food) Physical trauma, cold, or heat

Two benefits of colloidal oatmeal for pruritus?

Anti-inflammatory | Humectant (moisturizer--can help increase pruritic threshold)

Name 2 aloe vera extracts and their MOAs

1) Salicylic acid--inhibits prostaglandin production | 2) Magnesium lactate--inhibits conversion of histidine to histamine in mast cells

The anti-inflammatory dose for glucocorticoids in dogs?

0.5-1 mg/kg/day

How does the anti-inflammatory dose of glucocorticoids differ in cats and why? What is it?

It's higher than in dogs bc cats have fewer glucocorticoid receptors 1-2 mg/kg/day

Atopica (Cyclosporin) MOA

calcineurin inhibitor--inhibits T-lymphocyte production, thus lowering pro-inflammatory cytokines

Apoquel (Oclacitinib) MOA?

JAK-1 inhibitor--prevents prodcution of IL-31 (a pruritogenic cytokine)

A contraindication for Protopic & Elidel?

ulcerative lesions

3 common causes of headshaking that can predispose to aural hematomas

otitis externa atopy food allergy

Bite wound abscesses should be lavaged with?

dilute betadine

The breed most commonly associated with perianal fistulas and the main form of treatment?

GSD immunosuppressive medication (pred or cyclosporine)