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RUSVM PID > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

___ refers to the ability of a virus to cause disease in a host (harm to the host). The virus which causes disease is called a ___. ___ is the manner/mechanism of development of a disease.

A

Pathogenicity
Pathogen
Pathogenesis

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2
Q

The term ___ is used as a quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity of the infecting virus.

A

Virulence

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3
Q

What are 3 routes of entry of viruses into host-skin? And what kind of entry are these?

A

Transcutaneous injection

  • bite of arthropod
  • bite of infected animal (rabies)
  • contaminated objects (needles)
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4
Q

What are some routes of entry of viruses into host-mucous membranes?

A

Conjunctiva
oropharynx
genitourinary tracts/rectus

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5
Q

What route of entry of viruses are host-GI tract?

A

Gastrointestinal tract

viruses in contaminated food and water

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6
Q

How do viruses spread in the host from local infection of epithelial surfaces to subepithelial invasion and lymphatic spread?

A
  • viruses may reach subepithelial layer/underlying tissue from epithelial surfaces
  • to do this, viruses should overcome local host defense
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7
Q

How do viruses spread in the host from subepithelial invasion and lymphatic spread to blood stream and then spread via blood stream?

A

In subepithelial tissues, viruses get access to lymphatics, phagocytic cells and tissue fluids.
These may help carry virus to the blood stream.

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8
Q

__ is the presence of viruses in the blood.

A

Viremia

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9
Q

What are the two ways primary viremia can happen?

A
  1. ) spread of the virus infection to blood from subepithelial tissue/lymphatics
  2. ) directly inject in blood, through bite of mosquitoes or syringes
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10
Q

What is the process of secondary viremia?

A

the virus has replicated/multiplied in major organs and once more entered the circulation.

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11
Q

What is disseminated infection?

A

infection spreads beyond the primary site of infection

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12
Q

What is systemic infection?

A

if a number of organs or tissues are infected by a virus.

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13
Q

What are 3 ways that a virus can spread to the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) via nerves?

A
  1. ) through peripheral nerves (rabies)
  2. ) through receptor neurons in the nasal olfactory epithelium
  3. ) virus can cross blood-brain barrier & infect CNS (west nile)
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14
Q

A ___ virus is a virus that can infect neural cells. Infection may occur by neural or hematogenous spread. it has an affinity for the central nervous system.

A

Neurotrophic virus

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15
Q

A ____ virus is a virus that enters the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain) after infection of a peripheral site.

A

Neuroinvasive virus

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16
Q

A __ virus is a virus that causes death of nervous tissue, manifested by neurological symptoms and often death.

A

Neurovirulent virus

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17
Q

What are the results of a local spread of a virus on epithelial surfaces?

A
  • can cause localization infection

- may or may not proceed to subepithelial layer/underlying tissue

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18
Q

What is tropism?

A

the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue.

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19
Q

What is a pantropic virus?

A

they can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue

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20
Q

What are some virus-cell interactions?

A
  • inhibition of host-cell nucleic acid synthesis
  • inhibition of host-cell RNA synthesis (transcription)
  • inhibition of host-cell protein synthesis
  • cytopathic effects of “toxic” viral proteins
  • interference with cellular membrane function
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21
Q

what are some outcomes of a viral injury?

A
  • lysis/bursting
  • apoptosis
  • oncoviruses/transformation (cancer)
  • persistent infection
  • immune supression
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22
Q

What are oncoviruses?

A

some viruses can cause cancer, and are known as oncovirses or oncogenic viruses

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23
Q

What is a persistent infection?

A

some viruses do not cause immediate death of infected host cells, but cause persistent infection. many of these viruses remain latent or dormant in host cell or long periods, escaping detection by the host immune system.

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24
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

a fluid filled sac

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25
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

opening in the skin caused by sloughing of necrotic tissue, extending past the epidermis

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26
Q

What is a nodule?

A

solid tumorous mass

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27
Q

What are warts?

A

they are benign skin growths that appear when a virus infects the top layer of the skin.

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28
Q

What is erythema?

A

reddening of skin

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29
Q

What happens when a viruses injures the GI tract?

A

Viruses can enter either through ingestion or from blood, systemic infection. Then there is destruction of intestinal enterocytes. Which leads to malabsorption and diarrhea. Lastly there will be dehydration, acidosis and hemoconcentration.

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30
Q

What happens when a virus injures the respiratory tract?

A
  • inflammation
  • obstruction of air passage
  • hypoxia & respiratory distress
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31
Q

What happens when a virus injures the central nervous system?

A
  • lytic (destruction/bursting) infections of neurons
  • neuronal necrosis (necrosis is death of body tissue)
  • neuronphagia (killing/devouring of neuronal cells by phagocytic cells)
  • perivascular cuffing (inflammatory cells around blood vessels in CNS)
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32
Q

Viral Injury to the central nervous system via progressive demyelination.

A

this is when the virus destroys the myelin sheath on the nerve. this results in nerve impulses not being able to go through

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33
Q

What is it called when you have a viral infection of the fetus and what happens?

A

Teratogenic viruses: cause developmental defects of embryo or fetus after in-utero infection

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34
Q

Viral Injury to the central nervous system via neuronal vacuoluation.

A

in prion disease. it causes vacuoles in the proteins that look like bubbles.

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35
Q

what are the 3 groups of eukaryotic organisms that affect health and wellbeing of animals?

A

protozoa
helminths
arthropods

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36
Q

What are the 3 different categories that fall under helminths (helminthology)?

A

nematode: roundworm
cestode: tapeworm (flatworms)
trematode: fluke (flatworms)

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37
Q

what are arthropods (entomology)?

A

arachnids and insects; ectoparasites

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38
Q

What are ectoparasites?

A
  • lives on the host

- causes infestations

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39
Q

What are endoparasites?

A
  • lives in the host

- cause infections

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40
Q

Definite host

A

Harbors adult or sexual stage of the parasite

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41
Q

Intermediate host

A

Harbors larval or asexual stage of the parasite

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42
Q

Incidental host

A

An unusual host, unnecessary for the maintenance of the parasite in nature. this parasite can live with or without the host. causes lot of damage

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43
Q

What is host specificity?

A

Parasites have specificity for particular definite and intermediate hosts. Often parasite life cycles can only be completed in a particular host.

44
Q

What are some common routes of parasite entry?

A 
ingestion
sink or mucosal penetration
transplacental (prenatal)
transmammary (milk)
arthropod bite (vector)
sexual contact
45
Q

What tapeworm can be more than 10 yards and not have a large or detectible effect or on the host?

A

Taenia saginata

46
Q

What are some characteristics of infective dose and exposure for protozoa and helminths?

A

Protozoa: they multiply in the host very rapidly causing harm

Helminths: adult worms do not multiply in the definitive host. worms die over time, unless the host is re-exposed. The severity of disease is proportional to worm load introduced into the host.

47
Q

What parasite can actively penetrate unbroken skin?

A

blood fluke

Schistosomisis: cercaria

48
Q

What are some ways of attachment for parasites?

A

Mechanical or biting mouthparts

  • oral cavity (capsule)
  • attachment organs
  • suction disk
  • biting mouthparts
  • direct penetration

Molecular interaction

49
Q

What parasite can penetrate tissue?

A

whip worm
Trichuris vulpis

the thin end of the parasite is the one that penetrates the intestine wall

50
Q

What are two way a parasite can cause cell and tissue damage?

A
  • mechanical damage

- toxic products

51
Q

What are some results of mechanical damage from a parasite?

A
  • blockage of internal organs
  • pressure atrophy (can go in cell)
  • migration through tissues
52
Q

What parasite lives in the intestine of horses?

A

Nematode
Parascaris equorum

ascaris

53
Q

What parasite is found in the tissue and cause inflammation

A

Toxocariasis

54
Q

What are some toxic parasite products?

A
  • destructive enzymes
  • endotoxins
  • toxic secretions
55
Q

What are some ways a host can have a lost of nutrients from a parasite?

A
  • competition with hosts for nutrients
  • interference with nutrient absorption
  • nutrient loss
56
Q

Definition of immunity

A

the condition that permits either natural or acquired resistance to disease

57
Q

What two initial mechanisms that animals are borns with to provide protection to from invaders? and what provides prolonged immunity?

A

physical barriers
innate immunity

adaptive immunity

58
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. ) antibodies

2. ) cell-mediated immunity

59
Q

What are some physical barrier to protect animals against microbial invasion?

A

skin
self-cleaning
normal flora

60
Q

What are some examples of innate immunity to protect animals against microbial invasion?

A

inflammation
defensins
lysozyme

61
Q

What are some examples of adaptive immunity to protect an animal’s body against microbial invasion?

A

antibody production
cell-mediated immunity

more efficient but take longer to develop

62
Q

What are two types of innate immunity?

A
  • acute

- chronic (stays for longer period of time)

63
Q

What are some main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate immunity

  • non-specific
  • not dependent on the antigen
  • immediate/rapid
  • does not leave any memory

Adaptive immunity

  • antigent-specific
  • delayed in time
  • leaves memory
64
Q

What are two subsystems of the innate immune systems?

A

Cells

  • detect invaders
  • eat invaders
  • kill invaders
  • kill virus-infected cells

Molecules

  • bind and kill invaders
  • coat invaders so cells can kill them
  • block microbial growth
  • prevent microbial spread
  • mobilize body defenses
65
Q

What is the process for adaptive immune response for intracellular and extracellular?

A

the first 2 steps are the same for both
Antigen-processing cells-> Antigen-sensitive cells -> memory cells

Extracellular-> memory cells & antibody-producing cells-> antibody production

Intracellular-> memory cells & effector cells -> cell-mediated immunity

both result in antigen elimination

66
Q

___ is the production of immune cells.

A

Hematopoiesis

produced every day in the bone barrow
red blood cells

67
Q

What are the 3 major lineages of Hematopoiesis?

A
  1. ) Erythroid (erythrocytes and platelets)
  2. ) Myeloid
  3. ) Lymphoid
68
Q

What falls under myeloid?

A
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • Mast cells
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Myeloid dendritic cells
69
Q

What falls under Lymphoid?

A
  • Lymphocytes (T and B cells)

- Natural Killer cells

70
Q

___ are the only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguish different antigens.

A

Lymphocytes

71
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

A

B lymph

T lymph

72
Q

Where do B Lymphocytes mature?

A

Birds-> Bursa of Fabricius
Mammals-> Bone barrow
and GI tract

73
Q

Where do T Lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

precursors arise from bone marrow

74
Q

Adaptive immunity is mediated by ____ mainly found within ____ organ

A

lymphocytes

lymphoid

75
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

thymus
bursa
peyer’s patches
bone marrow

76
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A 
tonsils 
spleen
lymph nodes
peyer's patches
bone marrow
77
Q

Where do B & T cells finish maturation?

A

the primary lymphoid organs

once they are mature they migrate to the second lymphoid organs

78
Q

What is the time of development for primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary: early in embryonic life
Secondary: late in fetal life

79
Q

What happens if you were to remove a primary or secondary lymphocyte?

A

primary: loss of lymphocytes
secondary: no or minor effects

80
Q

What are the diagnostic methods?

A
  • what are the host species
  • site of infection
  • size of the parasite

SIS

81
Q

What are 3 diagnostic methods

A
  • understand the parasites
  • select the samples to collect
  • select the appropriate diagnostic methods
82
Q

What is the name of the class that has roundworms?

A

Nematoda

83
Q

What are the two classes that fall under flatworms/platyhelminthes?

A

Cestoda (tapeworms)

Trematoda (flukes)

84
Q

What are the main characteristics of Nematodes?

A
  • free-living or parasitic
  • elongated/cylindrical
  • alimentary canal present
  • sexes usually separate
85
Q

What are the main characteristics of Cestodes?

A
  • flat body and alimentary canal (they absorb nutrients)
  • scolex
  • strobila (body) with proglottids
  • each proglottid-hermaphroditic (segment of the tapeworm)
86
Q

What are the main characteristics of trematodes?

A
  • Dorso-ventrally flattened
  • leaf-like
  • oral and ventral suckers
87
Q

What are the main identifiable characteristics of insects?

A
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • antenna
88
Q

What are some examples of insects?

A

flies
fleas
lice

89
Q

What are some characteristics of Arachnids?

A

ticks

mites

90
Q

What are the main identifiable characteristics of Arachnids?

A
  • 4 pairs of legs
  • cephalo-thorax and abdomen
  • no antennae, but palps
91
Q

What are some important characteristics of protozoa?

A
  • unicellular, eukaryotic animals

- classified based on mode of locomotion

92
Q

How is locomotion accomplished by Protozoa?

A
  • pseudopodia
  • flagella
  • gliding movements
  • cilia
93
Q

What is the cycle of viral pathogenesis?

A
  1. ) entry and primary replication
  2. ) spread & infection of target organs
  3. ) virus/cells interactions
  4. ) organ and tissue injury
  5. ) shedding & trophy (increase in # of viruses)
94
Q

What is monocyte trafficking?

A

a mechanism of viral spread. The virus hides inside the monocyte, which crosses tissue barriers including the BBB

95
Q

Pathogenicity is an absolute factor of a virus, while virulence is a variable factor.
A.) True
B.) False

A

A.) Ture

96
Q

A virus that enters the CNS from a peripheral site but does not cause damage is referred to as a
A.) Neurotropic and neuroinvasive
B.) Neuroinvasive and neurovirulent
C.) Neurotropic and neurovirulent

A

A.) Neurotropic and neuroinvasive

97
Q

The primary effect of interferons is:

a. ) antiviral
b. ) antibacterial
c. ) antiparasitic
d. ) antifungal

A

a.) antiviral

98
Q

How does the adaptive immune system recognize self from non-self?

a. ) MHC
b. ) antibodies
c. ) toll-like receptors
d. ) T-cell receptors

A

a, b, d

99
Q

Insects are ectoparasites that cause infections

a. ) true
b. ) false

A

b.) false

100
Q

Which helminths are hermaphroditic?

a. ) roundworms
b. ) flatworms
c. ) flukes

A

b.) flatworms

cestodes

101
Q

Which helminths have an incomplete alimentary tract?

a. ) trematodes
b. ) nematodes
c. ) cestodes

A

a.) trematodes

102
Q

What parasites cause infestations? (choose all that apply)

a. ) nematodes
b. ) cestodes
c. ) insects
d. ) trematodes
e. ) ticks
f. ) mites

A

c, e, f

103
Q

What parasites have a direct life cycle?

a. ) roundworms
b. ) flatworms
c. ) flukes

A

a.) roundworms

104
Q

A young puppy has a heavy nematode infection in its small intestine that results in intussusception. What kind of virulence is this?

a. ) loss of nutrients
b. ) attachment
c. ) mechanical damage
d. ) penetration of anatomic barriers

A

c.) mechanical damage

105
Q

A small dog with a severe tick infestation experiences anemia. What kind of virulence factor is this?

a. ) loss of nutrients
b. ) attachment
c. ) mechanical damage
d. ) penetration of anatomical barriers

A

d.) penetration of anatomical barriers

106
Q

Cyathostomins hide inside their equine host and emerge synchronously in the spring causing breakdown of the mucosal lining of the large intestine. what kind of virulence is this?

a. ) loss of nutrients
b. ) attachment
c. ) mechanical damage
d. ) penetration of anatomical barriers

A

a.) loss of nutrients

RUSVM PID (1 decks)

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