Exam 1

Question 1

What are some ways to minimize heat loss?

Answer 1

• vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
• lack of sweating
• behavioral responses
  
  • adding layers of clothes
  • curling up to minimize exposed surface
  • standing near a heat source

Question 2

What are ways to maximize head production?

Answer 2

• shivering thermogenesis
• nonshivering thermogenesis
• behavioral responses
  
  • increased voluntary activity

Question 3

What are ways to maximize heat loss?

Answer 3

• vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
• increased sweating
• behavioral responses
  
  • use of fans
  • immersion in water to increase conductive heat loss
  • staying out of the sun
  • removing clothes

Question 4

What are ways to minimize heat production?

Answer 4

• diminished food intake to lessen obligatory heat production
• bahavioral response
  
  • decrease physical activity

Question 5

What are hot flashes?

Answer 5

transient decreases in the thermostat’s setpoint caused by the absence of estrogen

Question 6

What are pyrogens?

Answer 6

fever-producing cytokines that also have other effects

Question 7

hyperthermia

Answer 7

condition in which body temperature rises to abnormally high values

Question 8

heat stroke

Answer 8

severe form of hyperthermia

skin is usually flushed and dry

Question 9

malignant hyperthermia

Answer 9

body temperature becomes abnormally elevated

genetically linked condition

defective Ca2+ channel leaks too much Ca2+ in cytoplasm so cell transporter works to put it back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing heat during ATP hydrolysis

Question 10

hypothermia

Answer 10

a condition in which body temperature falls abnormally low

Question 11

neurotransmitters

Answer 11

chemical signals realeased by neurons into extracellular fluid to communicate with neighboring cells

Question 12

What makes up the CNS?

Answer 12

brain

spinal cord

Question 13

What makes up the PNS?

Answer 13

sensory (afferent) neurons

efferent neurons

Question 14

What does the somatic motor division control?

Answer 14

skeletal muscles

Question 15

What does the autonomic division control?

Answer 15

smooth and cardiac muscles

exocrine glands

some endocrine glands

some types of adipose tissue

Question 16

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Answer 16

rare paralytic condition that strikes after a viral infection of immunization

no cure, but the paralysis usually slowly disappears and lost sensation returns

Question 17

Difference between dendrites and axons?

Answer 17

dendrites: receive incoming signals
axons: carry ougoing information

Question 18

multipolar neurons

Answer 18

many dendrites and branched axons

Question 19

pseudounipolar neurons

Answer 19

cell body located off one side of one long process called the axon

Question 20

bipolar neurons

Answer 20

have a single axon and single dendrite coming off the cell body

Question 21

anaxonic neurons

Answer 21

lack an identifiable axon but have numerous branched dendrites

Question 22

sensory neurons

Answer 22

carry information about temperature, pressure, light, and other stimuli from sensory receptors to the CNS

Question 23

interneurons

Answer 23

neurons that lie entirely within the CNS

Question 24

efferent neurons

Answer 24

have enlarged axon terminals with enlarged regions called varicosities where they releave neurotransmitters (along with the axon terminal)

Question 25

sensory nerves

Answer 25

carry afferent signals

Question 26

motor nerves

Answer 26

carry efferent signals

Question 27

mixed nerves

Answer 27

carry efferent and afferent siglas

Question 28

conductance

Answer 28

the ease with which ions flow through a channel

Question 29

nocireceptors

Answer 29

receptors that respond to a variety of strong noxious stimuli that cause or have the potential to cause tissue damage

Question 30

gate control theory of pain modulation

Answer 30

Aß fibers