Exam 1 Flashcards
What are some ways to minimize heat loss?
- vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
- lack of sweating
- behavioral responses
- adding layers of clothes
- curling up to minimize exposed surface
- standing near a heat source
What are ways to maximize head production?
- shivering thermogenesis
- nonshivering thermogenesis
- behavioral responses
- increased voluntary activity
What are ways to maximize heat loss?
- vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
- increased sweating
- behavioral responses
- use of fans
- immersion in water to increase conductive heat loss
- staying out of the sun
- removing clothes
What are ways to minimize heat production?
- diminished food intake to lessen obligatory heat production
- bahavioral response
- decrease physical activity
What are hot flashes?
transient decreases in the thermostat’s setpoint caused by the absence of estrogen
What are pyrogens?
fever-producing cytokines that also have other effects
hyperthermia
condition in which body temperature rises to abnormally high values
heat stroke
severe form of hyperthermia
skin is usually flushed and dry
malignant hyperthermia
body temperature becomes abnormally elevated
genetically linked condition
defective Ca2+ channel leaks too much Ca2+ in cytoplasm so cell transporter works to put it back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, releasing heat during ATP hydrolysis
hypothermia
a condition in which body temperature falls abnormally low
neurotransmitters
chemical signals realeased by neurons into extracellular fluid to communicate with neighboring cells
What makes up the CNS?
brain
spinal cord
What makes up the PNS?
sensory (afferent) neurons
efferent neurons
What does the somatic motor division control?
skeletal muscles
What does the autonomic division control?
smooth and cardiac muscles
exocrine glands
some endocrine glands
some types of adipose tissue
Guillain-Barre syndrome
rare paralytic condition that strikes after a viral infection of immunization
no cure, but the paralysis usually slowly disappears and lost sensation returns
Difference between dendrites and axons?
dendrites: receive incoming signals
axons: carry ougoing information
multipolar neurons
many dendrites and branched axons
pseudounipolar neurons
cell body located off one side of one long process called the axon
bipolar neurons
have a single axon and single dendrite coming off the cell body
anaxonic neurons
lack an identifiable axon but have numerous branched dendrites
sensory neurons
carry information about temperature, pressure, light, and other stimuli from sensory receptors to the CNS
interneurons
neurons that lie entirely within the CNS
efferent neurons
have enlarged axon terminals with enlarged regions called varicosities where they releave neurotransmitters (along with the axon terminal)
sensory nerves
carry afferent signals
motor nerves
carry efferent signals
mixed nerves
carry efferent and afferent siglas
conductance
the ease with which ions flow through a channel
nocireceptors
receptors that respond to a variety of strong noxious stimuli that cause or have the potential to cause tissue damage
gate control theory of pain modulation
Aß fibers
