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Biology 1010 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the seven characteristics of life?

A
  1. growth and development
  2. order
  3. homeostasis
  4. reproduction
  5. sense and respond
  6. obtain and use energy
  7. evolution
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2
Q

Identify the different steps in the process of science

A

Observe, question, hypothesis, experiment, analyze results, record data/results

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3
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

experiences no experimental manipulation. Serves as a basis of comparison.

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4
Q

Identify dependent and independent variable

A

dependent: what you measure, what’s being changed
independent: what you change, manipulated

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

a hypothesis that has never been disproved, even after many years of rigorous testing

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6
Q

How does sample size affect your data?

A

The larger the sample size, the more likely the results will have statistical significance

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7
Q

What does it mean when data is determined to be statistically significant?

A

a measure of confidence that the results are not due to random change

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8
Q

Have a basic understanding of the culture of science

A

Scientists build on what has been learned from earlier research
o Pay close attention to contemporary scientists working on the same problem
Cooperation and competition characterize the scientific culture
o Scientists check the conclusions of others by attempting to repeat experiments
o Scientists are generally skeptics

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9
Q

What is the purpose of peer review?

A

The scientific community helps ensure the accuracy of science

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10
Q

what ways do scientists ensure the accuracy of science?

A
  • Working together
  • Checking each other’s work
  • Helping to inspire new ideas
  • Catching cases of bias and fraud
  • Motivating excellence with recognition
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11
Q

Have a clear understanding of atomic structure. Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located?

A
  • the nucleus is the dense core of the atom
  • protons: found in nucleus
  • neutrons: found in nucleus
  • electrons: found on outside
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12
Q

how do you calculate mass number of an atom?

A

protons + # neutrons

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13
Q

What classifies an element as an isotope?

A

Isotopes are the alternate mass forms of an element. They have the same number of protons and elections, but differ in their number of neutrons

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14
Q

Be able to fill orbital shells and have a clear understanding of what is the valence shell and valence electrons.

A

Valence shell: outermost shell

8 fill each additional shell, 2 fill the first shell

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15
Q

What are three types of chemical bonds we discussed in class. Which is the strongest and the weakest

A

Ionic
Covalent (STRONGEST)
Hydrogen bonds (WEAKEST)

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16
Q

What are the criteria for a hydrogen bond to form?

A

whenever a positively charged H held in one molecule by a covalent bond close to a negatively charged atom-typically an oxygen or nitrogen-belonging to another molecule

17
Q

You must understand what kind of compounds each bond holds together

A

Compounds are either a molecule (covalent bond) or a salt (ionic bond)
Covalent bonds: SHARED Ionic bonds: donate or gain electrons

18
Q

What is the meaning of polar covalent? How does the polar nature of the water molecule allow it to dissolve substances?

A

Polar covalent are shared electrons
There are two hydrogen atoms that attract to one oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are positively charged and the oxygen is negative, making it polar. It dissolves substances because when another polar substance is there, the particles will separate the particles making it dissolve. Salt is one thing if mixed with water that dissolves.

19
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

Molecules with chains of carbon atoms (generally used of yerm in this class= products of lift forms)

20
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules of the cell? What are the building blocks (monomers) and functions of these macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates (function in energy storage and structural support)
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
  • proteins
21
Q

What is a polymer? Are macromolecules polymers?

A

Monomers linked together in a chain, Yes

22
Q

What are the monomers of DNA? What is the structure of these monomers?

A 
Nucleotides,
Adenine (A) (double ring)
Thymine (T) (single ring)
Guanine (G) (double ring)
Cytosine (C) (single ring)
Hydrogen bonds between C-G or A-T base pairs form the ladder “rungs”
23
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

All have the same basic core structure, but each also has a unique chemical side group. Side groups vary in size (bulky v small), and charge (+, neutral, -)

24
Q

What is the R group of an amino acid?

A

The radical group, the variable part of the amino acid, also called the side group. Size and charge vary in side groups

25
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

(cell membrane): form physical barrier, allow transport (importation of raw material and exportation of..)

26
Q

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm: contains water inside cell (cytosol) and formed structures inside cell (proteins, sugars, lipids, nucleic acids, etc.)
Organelles are composed in cytoplasm

27
Q

Identify the different components of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipids
Membrane proteins (integral and peripheral proteins/transport and signaling)
Carbohydrate groups (attached to proteins^)
Cholesterol

28
Q

What organelles are found plants but not animals?

A

Water Vacuole, chloroplast, cellulose cell wall

29
Q

What organelles and structures make up the endomembrane system

A

includes the nuclear membrane (nucleus), rough ER, golgi (packages), lysosomes (engulf), and vacuoles

30
Q

What are cytosolic, integral and peripheral proteins

A 
Cytosolic  proteins: free floating proteins in cytosol
Integral proteins: integrated or embedded within/ transport proteins
Peripheral proteins (signaling proteins):  don’t transport, function in cell signaling. They can’t function without carbohydrate groups. They function in energy storage and structural support, linked to proteins or lipids
31
Q

What are the constituents of the cell membrane? What characteristics of
of one of the constituents give the membrane its semi- permeable feature?

A

Densely-packed hydrophobic phospholipid tails prevent macromolecules and smaller charged particles (like ions) from wandering across membranes
Only SMALL, UNCHARGED molecules can diffuse through the bilayer directly (ie. CO2, O2)
The Cell membrane is made up of phospholipid bilayer that has proteins throughout. The cell is semi permeable bc of the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipid. Bc charged particles require water to move across, they can’t get through by bilayer bc it’s hydrophobic.

32
Q

What are the types of membrane transport? What are the examples of specific molecules that cross the membrane by each method of transport*****

A

Glucose transport

Active transport

33
Q

What are the characteristics of transport proteins? What specific examples of transport proteins were identified in lecture?

A

They are very specific (ion channels only move ions) and some require energy and some don’t
There are glucose transporters: movement of glucose into a cell, and then extract energy form glucose bc need energy. High concentration in the fluid before moves down gradient into cell.
aquapore transporters (transport protein moving only water across)
active transport: REQUIRE energy by which molecules are needed at higher concentration on one side (not at equilibrium)
Large or hydrophilic molecules are pumped from an area or lower concentration to higher concentration with help of transport proteins and ATP energy
o moving against gradient: so obv need energy, ATP
Anything involving active transport ONLY uses ATP
there is pumps: transport proteins use pumps to move proteins against gradient
Some require energy and some don’t (another characteristic)

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the movement of molecules and ions from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

35
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Concentration gradient
  2. Temperature
  3. Particle size and chemical structure
  4. size
36
Q

What is concentration gradient

A

When you can see a clear difference of two particles in two regions, clear difference of concentration

37
Q

Have a clear understanding of the function of the na/k pump and the
na/glucose co transporter

A

Glucose transporter: movement of glucose into a cell, and then extract energy form glucose bc need energy. High concentration in the fluid before moves down gradient into cell.

  • If increase concentration of glucose in blood, the cells can clear glucose into bloodstream when being prompted by hormone insulin. When reset to normal blood glucose levels, it is called Homeostasis.
  • Glucose uses the transporter to move across bc it’s too big

The Na/K pump provides one of the best examples of active transport. It moves Na ions from inside the cell (low concentration) to outside (high concentration) the cell and K ions in the opposite direction. In both cases the movements of the ions are against their respective concentration gradients. Energy is required for this work which is usually supplied by ATP

  • Sodium ions will move outside the cell
  • K will always want to move in, inside the cell (high concentration) and outside (low concentration)
38
Q

how do you calculate atomic number of an atom?

A

electrons or protons an atom contains. number at the top of the element, carbon is 6

Biology 1010 (2 decks)

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