exam 1

Question 1

define microbiology

Answer 1

the study of small forms of life (microbes)

Question 2

define mycology

Answer 2

study of molds and yeast (fungi)

Question 3

define protozology

Answer 3

study of protozoans (single cell animals)

Question 4

how much of bacteria are pathogens?

Answer 4

4-5% of bacteria

Question 5

how much of microbes are good?

Answer 5

about 95%

Question 6

what are protozoans?

Answer 6

single celled animals, saprophytes (98%), pathogens (2%)

Question 7

what are the 4 characteristics of a eukaryotic

Answer 7

large, contains organelles, reproduction (mitosis and meiosis), advanced

Question 8

what is a prion?

Answer 8

naked protein, heat and light resistant (ex: madcow disease)

Question 9

why are microbes ideally suited to demonstrate principles of biology?

Answer 9

economical (cheap), requires little space for maintenance, growth rate (E. coli=about 20min), physiology and metabolism is similar to higher plants and animals

Question 10

who is Bacon?

Answer 10

13th century philosopher, disease is punishment from God

Question 11

what did Robert Hooke do?

Answer 11

developed a magnifying glass (10x), observed cork cells, coined the term “cell”

Question 12

who is Anton Van Leeuwenhoek?

Answer 12

“father of microbiology”, developed the 1st microscope, observed pond water, first to observe “animalcules”

Question 13

what is spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 13

life arises from non-living, vital forces in the air

Question 14

who is Redi?

Answer 14

against SGT, did the fly and gauze experiment

Question 15

who is John Needham?

Answer 15

supported SGT, poured broth into flask experiment = contaminated

Question 16

who is spallenzan?

Answer 16

capped the broth experiment so it would be sterile

Question 17

who is Louis Pasteur?

Answer 17

father of modern microbiology, performed long neck flask experiment
microbes are ubiquitous, aseptic techniques, removed SGT

Question 18

what is biogenesis?

Answer 18

life comes from life

Question 19

how does the long neck flask experiment disprove SGT?

Answer 19

the air

Question 20

who is John Tyundall and what is tyndallization?

Answer 20

tyndallization experiment; boil a solution for 1 hour on 3 consecutive days

Question 21

what is germ theory of disease?

Answer 21

microbes many cause disease

Question 22

who is John Lister?

Answer 22

he soaked surgical instruments in disinfection, 90% reduction of infections

Question 23

who is Semmelweis?

Answer 23

washed hands between patients

Question 24

who is Robert Koch?

Answer 24

1st proved that microbes could cause disease, created Koch’s postulates

Question 25

what is Koch's 1st postulate?

Answer 25

the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

Question 26

what is Koch's 2nd postulate?

Answer 26

the pathogen must be isolated from the disease host and grown in pure culture

Question 27

what is Koch's 3rd postulate?

Answer 27

the pathogens from the pure culture must cause the disease when its inoculated into a healthy lab animal

Question 28

what is Koch's 4th postulate?

Answer 28

the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the OG organism

Question 29

cell theory according to schleiden and schwann

Answer 29

cell is fundamental or basic unit of life

Question 30

what is the concept of cell theory?

Answer 30

common theme of structure and diversity

Question 31

what do all living cells have?

Answer 31

``` cell membrane cytoplasm nuclear apparatus carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, mitrogen macromolecules (proteins, lipids, carbs, DNA/RNA, ATP ```

Question 32

what's a covalent bond?

Answer 32

sharing of electrons between 2 or more atoms; organic material (protein, lipids, carbs, nucleic acid); strong bond

Question 33

what's a ionic bond?

Answer 33

one atom donates an electron and one atom accepts the electron; inorganic molecules (NaCl); weak bond

Question 34

what's a hydrogen bond?

Answer 34

one H-bond is weak, many H-bonds are strong

Question 35

define polarity

Answer 35

unequal sharing of electrons

Question 36

what are the functions of a protein?

Answer 36

energy source and structural role (protein gates)

Question 37

what is the structure of a protein?

Answer 37

R-group, carboxyl, hydrogen, and amino acid H NH2-C-COOH R group

Question 38

what's an enzyme?

Answer 38

organic, protein in nature; a catalyst (speeds up chem. reaction that isn't chemically altered, its recycled)

Question 39

what is the structure and function of DNA?

Answer 39

structure: double helix spiral funct: gives heredity (genes)

Question 40

name 3 nucleotides

Answer 40

sugar(gives strength), phosphate (gives strength), base (A-T, G-C)

Question 41

what is the structure and function of RNA?

Answer 41

structure: single stranded funct: protein synthesis (translation)

Question 42

how many different types of RNA are there and what are they?

Answer 42

3; messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosome RNA

Question 43

what does Adenine always pair with in RNA?

Answer 43

Uracil

Question 44

DNA _____ RNA_____protein

Answer 44

transcription; translation

Question 45

what are the functions of carbs (sugar)

Answer 45

energy molecule (glucose), structural role for DNA and RNA

Question 46

what are the storage forms for glucose?

Answer 46

glycogen (in animals) starch (in plants) bacteria has both glycogen and starch

Question 47

what are 3 examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 47

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 48

what are 3 examples of disaccharides?

Answer 48

sucrose (glucose+fructose), maltose (glucose+glucose), lactose (glucose+galactose)

Question 49

what are 2 examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 49

glycogen and starch (made from 1,000s of glucose)

Question 50

what are the functions of lipids?

Answer 50

energy source and structural role (phospholipid bi-layer in CM)

Question 51

what are lipids made up of?

Answer 51

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 52

what is the function of ATP?

Answer 52

energy currency of cell

Question 53

what is pH?

Answer 53

hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Question 54

what is an acid?

Answer 54

compund that splits in H2O and produces H+ ions; 0-7 on pH scale

Question 55

what is a base?

Answer 55

compund that splits into H2O and produces OH- ; 7-14 on pH scale

Question 56

compare and contrast gram (-) and gram (+) stain

Answer 56

``` gram (-): 2/3-3/4 peptidoglycan techoic acid many covalent bonds ex: staph aureus gram (+): 25% peptidoglycan not as many covalent bonds LPS in outer layer ex: E. coli ```

Question 57

how big are cocci?

Answer 57

0. 5-2 microns | ex: staph aureus

Question 58

how big are rods?

Answer 58

3 microns wide, 1 micron tall | ex: E. coli

Question 59

how big are spirochetes?

Answer 59

600 microns long | ex:syphillis

Question 60

describe yeast

Answer 60

unicellular, oval tear drop