Exam 1 Flashcards
A disease caused by fat accumulation in the liver
• Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Population of people highly affected by diabetes
• American Indian
Cells of the liver
• Hepatocytes
A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
• Gestational
The most common form of diabetes
• Type 2
Looks at the rise and fall of glucose and is used to diagnose diabetes
• Glucose Tolerance Test
The type of cell that secretes glucagon
• Alpha
Once insulin binds to the cell, what comes to the surface to allow glucose to enter?
• Glucose Transporter
Looks at glycalated hemoglobin
• A1C
What cycle does glucose go into after entering the cell?
• Glycolysis
The hormone that is elevated during starvation or fasting
• Glucagon
Type of diabetes that is immune to insulin
• Type 1
Cluster of cells in the pancreas that contains alpha and beta cells
• Islet of Langerhans
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by a state of..
• Insulin resistance
The type of cell that secretes insulin
• Beta
Insulin binds here to start glucose intake
• Insulin receptor
Ketone synthesis
• Ketogenesis
The energy of the cell
• ATP
The process of making glucose in the liver
• Gluconeogenesis
Condition of having too much glucose in the blood
• Hyperglycemia
When do beta cells stop growing?
• Puberty
The hormone needed for the uptake of glucose
• Insulin
Released from fat and are part of the proposed mechanism of insulin resistance
• Cytokines
A cholesterol like molecule that helps in fat digestion and could be involved in insulin
• Bile salts
Where transcription occurs
Nucleus
amino acid codon GGU
Glycine
a mutation that is a result of one base being altered
Point
start codon
AUG
a mutation that causes the reading frame if the genetic code to be misread
frameshift
all your DNA collectively
Genome
scientist known for discovery of DNA
Watson
unique absence of 3 bases
codon
proteins are made of
amino acids
type of bond between bases of DNA
Hydrogen
nucleic acid composed of 2 strands- your genetic material
DNA
a mutation that doesn’t change the protein
silent
a mutation that occurs when a base is swapped for another base
substitution
where transcription stops
terminator
a gene that is always turned on an maintains normal activity
housekeeping
where translation occurs
ribosome
enzyme required for transcription
polymerase
the process of making RNA
transcription
main difference between DNA and RNA
sugar
where a ribosome is located
endoplasmic reticulum
a mutation that is a result of a base removed
deletion
coding regions in DNA
exons
substances that cause mutations
mutagen
process of making proteins
translation
single stranded nucleic acid that is a copy of DNA
RNA
previously thought of as your genetic material in the 1930’s
proteins
a segment of DNA that codes for a trait
gene
DNA must be _______ prior to transcription
unwound
what is the #1 cause of death in US
Heart disease
_____ refers to the number of persons with a disease at any one time
Prevalence
a disease that causes lesions is classified as
structural
what is used for energy in the cell
ATP
I haven’t been feeling well. What is this called for a clinician
symptom
what drug targets AMPK and is the most prescribed class of drug
biguanide
someone who performs autopsies
anatomic pathologist
which occurs most frequently
type 2
the central dogma of genetics is
DNA –>RNA –> protein
______ are health problems that interfere with a person’s ability to function
disbilities
why do some T2DM need insulin therapy
Beta cells die out
which is NOT a symptom of T2DM
decreased urine output
someone’s entire genetic code is known as
genome
a cell in the fat/adipose tissue is called
adipocyte
what method involves using scientific literature, clinical knowledge, and a patient’s ideas/wishes
Evidence-based medicine
what molecule starts the process of insulin secretion
glucose
what tissue secretes insulin
pancreas
main cause of T2DM
genetics, bad eating habits, sedentary lifestyles
following eating, which statement is true
insulin goes up, blood glucose goes down
which type of diabetes is characterized as insulin resistant
type 2
a muation masked because the code is degenerative and doesn’t affect the amino acid sequence. this is a _____ mutation
silent
how many amino acids are there
20
