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P2F Neuro > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Difficulty swallowing

A

Dysphagia

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2
Q

Slurred speech caused by weak muscles for speech

A

Dysarthria

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3
Q

Broca’s aphasia is known as?

A

Non-fluent or expressive aphasia

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4
Q

What is broca’s aphasia?

A

Can understand but CANT speak fluently

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5
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is known as?

A

Fluent or receptive aphasia

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6
Q

What is wernickes aphasia?

A

Can speak fluently but can’t understand

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7
Q

What part of the brain would u find wernickes aphasia?

A

Left temporal lobe

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8
Q

Dysmetria

A

Lack of coordination; undershoots or overshoots

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9
Q

How do you test for dysmetria?

A

Finger to nose coordination test

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10
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased # of RBCs

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11
Q

Polycythemia

A

Elevated RBC count due to reduction in plasma volume

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12
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Platelets less than 140,000 –> increased risk for bleeding

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13
Q

Prothrombin time?

Normal?

A

Time required for clot to form. Normal is 11 - 13.5 seconds.

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14
Q

Partial thromboplastin time and normal is?

A

Blood separated into plasma and cells; looks at intrinsic cascade and normal is 30-45 secs.

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15
Q

International normalized ratio

A

Unitless measure used to correct prothrombin time difference; 2-3 is therapeutic

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16
Q

Inability to smell; seen with lesion where?

A

Anosmia; seen with frontal lobe lesion

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17
Q

Esotropia

A

Eyes pulled inward

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18
Q

Strabismus

A

Eyes pulled outward

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19
Q

Rinne test

A

Vibrating tuning fork on mastoid bone

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20
Q

Weber test

A

Vibrating tuning fork on head

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21
Q

Hoarseness- vocal cord weak; nasal quality- palatal weak

A

Dysphonia

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22
Q

Alpha neurons do what and what kind of fibers?

A

Generate force and extra fiscal

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23
Q

Myopia

A

Can’t see far

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24
Q

Presbyopia

A

Can’t see close

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25
Q

Ability to control the COG over the BOS in any environment

A

Balance

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26
Q

Gamma neurons do what and what kind of fiber?

A

Stretch; intrafusal fibers (within the muscle)

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27
Q

Paresis

A

Weakness, cant recruit motor units, results from lesion within descending motor pathways

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28
Q

Plegia?

A

Can’t move

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29
Q

Akinesia

A

Loss of power to voluntarily move

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30
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slow movement

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31
Q

Ataxia

A

Impaired balance and coordination; lose control

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32
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Abnormal voluntary mvmt

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33
Q

Dystonia

A

Involuntary muscle contractions that cause repetitive/twisting movements

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34
Q

Apraxia

A

For verbal its like your brain cant put together the muscles for speech but everything is still INTACT like sensation and motor, etc

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35
Q

Somatagnosia

A

Lack of body scheme

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36
Q

Anosognosia

A

Denial of how severe the paralysis is (non dominant parietal lobe)

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37
Q

Ideomotor apraxia

A

Can’t perform movement on command

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38
Q

Ideational apraxia

A

Can’t move on command or automatically

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39
Q

8 stages of arousal:

A

Alert, agitated, delirium, dementia, somnolent, obtundant, stupor, coma

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40
Q

5 parts of MMSE

A

Orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, language

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41
Q

The state of being aware, attentive and mentally functional

42
Q

Double vision

43
Q

The patient is excessively restless; demonstrates physical/mental activity

44
Q

The state of disorientated accompanied by irritability, agitation, suspicion, and/or fear; pt may also mispercieve stimuli

45
Q

State of altered mental processes that usually does not change arousability

46
Q

Prolonged drowsiness; sleepy trance

47
Q

Dulled response to stimuli; pt is typically confused and needs constant stimulation

48
Q

The pt is aroused only by intense stimuli; motor response and reflex action are typically preserved

49
Q

Unconsciousness arousal

50
Q

State all grades for modified ashworth

A

0:no increase
1: catch and release
1+: resistance after the catch
2: increased tone throughout
3: difficult to move t/o but can get through
4: rigid

51
Q

Name the 5 descending tracts

A 
Rubrospinal
Medial and lateral vestibulospinal
Tectospinal 
Medial and lateral corticospinal 
Reticulospinal (medial)
52
Q

4 descending tracts

A

Spinothalamic (anterior and lateral)
Fasc. Cuneatus
Fasc. Gracilis
Spinocerebellar

53
Q

Weakness is seen with damage to:

Which only presents with weakness?

A

Primary motor cortex
Corticospinal tract
Alpha motor neurons
Muscle

*muscle and corticospinal ONLY present with weakness

54
Q

Weakness from disuse is seen with damage to?

A

Premotor region
Supplemental motor region
Basal ganglia
Cerebellum

55
Q

Akinesia
Bradykinesia
Abnormal postural adjustment
Ataxia

A

Negative signs of impairment

56
Q

Hypertonicity is a lesion in?

A

Primary motor cortex, cereb, basal ganglia/descending motor systems

57
Q

What are the positive signs of impairment?

A 
Hypertonicity
Dyskinesia
Tremors
Chorea
Ballisimus
Ticks
58
Q

What is reciprocal inhibition?

A

When a muscle contracts, the antagonist is stimulated as well

59
Q

Sherringtons second law

A

Law of reciprocal innervation AKA reciprocal inhibition

60
Q

What kind of interneurons control the law of RI?

A

Inhibitory interneurons

61
Q

How do we test for spasticity?

62
Q

SpasticityL Hyperexcitability of alpha motor neuron pool can be due to?

A
  • loss of descending input to the brain
  • postsynaptic denervation sensitivity
  • shortened distance
  • collateral sprouting (a lot of afferent interactions happen)
63
Q

Rigidity is hyperactivity of what system?

A

Fusimotor system

64
Q

Rigidity is predominant in what muscles?

A

Flexor muscles of the trunk and limbs

65
Q

Involved in initiation and inhibition of movement as well as initiation of thought

A

Basal ganglia

66
Q

2 problems with an impairment in RIGHT lateral cerebellum?

A
  • difficulty with verb generation

- learning and performing complex nonmotor tasks

67
Q

3 functional divisions of cerebellum

A

Cerebrocerebellum- motor planning and coordination
Spinocerebellum- controlled ongoing body mvmts
Vestibulocerebellum- postural balance and eye movements

68
Q

4 basal ganglia impairments

A
  • involuntary movements (dyskinesia)
  • disorders of muscle tone and posture reflex
  • chorea
  • dementia
69
Q

Parkinson’s disease affects what?

A

Substantia nigra (lack of dopamine) in basal ganglia

70
Q

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by what two things?

A

Resting tremor and increased muscle tone which leads to rigidity

71
Q

What is fractionation?

A

Breaking up/isolating the movement

72
Q

3 timing problems:

A

Initiation
Slowed movement time
Terminating movement

73
Q

2 reasons under initiating movement?

A

Time between decision to move and actually moving.

Cognitive issues.

74
Q

Time b/w decision to move and actual moving is due to what 3 things?

A

Inadequate force generation
Decreased firing rate
ROM loss

75
Q

3 reasons why there are cognitive issues with initiating movement?

A

Motivation to move.
Can’t recognize commands.
Difficulty in remembering the movement and selecting a plan.

76
Q

2 tests for dysmetria:

A

Finger to nose

Heel on shin

77
Q

Sustained muscle contraction

78
Q

Involuntary, rapid, irregular jerky movements that result from lesions to basal ganglia

A

Choreiform movements

79
Q

Slow, involuntary writhing and twisting, usually more UE, neck, face and tongue

A

Athetoid movements

80
Q

Where does somatognosia occur?

A

Dominant parietal lobe

OR dominant posterior temporal

81
Q

Which lobe does left/right discrimination occur in?

A

Parietal lobe

82
Q

Where does anosognosia occur?

A

Non dominant parietal lobe

83
Q

Where does unilateral spatial neglect happen?

A

Inferior posterior regions of right parietal

84
Q

Awareness of body parts and their relationship to one another and the environment

A

Body scheme

85
Q

Pt who is R hand dominant and has lesions in LEFT angular gyrus has what 3 impairments in the association cortices?

A

1- confusion b/w left and right
2- difficulty in naming fingers (touch okay)
3- difficulty writing even tho motor and sensory are intact

86
Q

Which cell in the cerebellum controls motor coordination output?

A

Purkinje fibers

87
Q

5 types of apraxia?

A

Verbal
Buccofacial
Limb (ideomotor and ideational)
Constructional- dressing

88
Q

WHats the term for when you cant remember places?

A

Topographic disorientation

89
Q

Pts who have problem with position and space (over and under) is an issue where?

A

Non dominant parietal

90
Q

He I cord pathology affects touch and volition all movement on?

A

Contralateral side

91
Q

Medical brianstem stem pathology often affects

A

All volitional movement and touch sensation

92
Q

Anterior horn cell/LMN pathology, youlll see:

A

Diminished reflex
Atrophy- wasting away
Fasciculations (twitch in muscle)

93
Q

Lateral brainstem pathology often affects

A

Pain and perception

94
Q

Thalamus infarct usually affect only?

A

LEFT infarcts common
CONTRA censors perception, mvmt and consciousness
Very painfu

95
Q

Weakness form disuse and difficulty with complex motor tasks is a lesion where?

A

Supplementary motor cortex

96
Q

Incoordination, weakness from disuse, balance problems and changes in tone are a presentation in which region?

A

Cerebellum

97
Q

Which two structures have only weakness?

A

Corticospinal and muscle

98
Q

Loss of sensation, perception, proprioception, problems with motor control are where?

A

Sensory cortex

99
Q

Lesion site for weakness or paralysis, change in tone

A

Primary motor cortex

100
Q

Lesion site for weakness or atrophy

A

Alpha motor neuron

101
Q

Anisocoria

A

Unequal pupil size

P2F Neuro (5 decks)

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