Exam 1 Flashcards
Race
society assigns and the significance it attaches to perceived groupings of human physical distinction, including skin color, hair color, etc
Ethnicity
the label used to organize and distinguish peoples based primarily on their cultural practices or national or regional ancestries
Racial Essentialism
belief that one’s racial essence is obvious from one’s outer appearance
Racialization
process whereby american society and individuals use macro-categorizations of race to make assumptions about a person, group, or condition
Racial Assimilation
the practice of often intermarrying with “inferior races” but also demanding that they abandon their religions and cultures and assume those of the dominant group
Racial Separation
very strict lines of division between the dominant and subordinate races
Xenophobia
the illogical fear/hatred of people from other countries
Racism
the use of perceived racial differences to rank and order which groups enjoy full citizenship rights and opportunities according to where they fall within a system of racial classification
Scientific Racism
the fallacious use of empirical methods to justify assumptions of racial superiority and inferiority
Genocide
the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation
Indian Appropriations Act / Major Crimes Act
placed certain crimes under federal jurisdiction if they were committed by a Native American in Native terrirory
U.S. vs. Kagama
upheld the Major Crimes Act
General Allotment Act / Dawes Act
authorized the POTUS to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotment la for individual Indians
Curtis Act
resulted in the break-up of tribal governments and communal lands in Indian Territory of the 5 Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory
Wheeler-Howard Act
aimed at decreasing federal control of American Indian affairs and increasing Indian self-government and responsibility
Termination Act
shaped by a series of laws and policies with the intent of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream society
Indian Civil Rights Act
makes many, but not all, of the guarantees of the Bill of Rights applicable within the tribes
Morton vs. Mancari
hiring preferences given to Indians within the Bureau of Indian Affairs
Declaration of Indian Purpose
a book concerning the Indians’ right to choose their own way of life and the responsibility of preserving their precious heritage
Red Power Movement
a political movement in which Native Americans are fighting to take back their land- often violent
Substantive Representation
when someone represents you based on issues
Symbolic Representation
when someone represents you based on physical characteristics
Racial Historical Eras
- Slaveocracy
- Americanization
- One-Drop
- Post-Civil Rights
Johnson vs. Mc’Intosh
U.S. had a superior right to land as a result of the Doctrine of Discovery
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
Cherokee were a domestic dependent nation and they had to adhere to federal law
Worcester vs. Georgia
Congress had pull and absolute power over Native regions
Bureau of Indian Affairs
responsible for the administration of 55,700,000 of land held in trust by the U.S. for Native Americans
Trail of Tears
a series of forced removals of Native American nations from their ancestral homelands to an area west of the Mississippi River- many died from exposure, disease, and starvation
14th Amendment
addressed citizenship rights and equal protection under the law for former slaves- Native Americans were excluded
Blood Quantum
a unique and arbitrary test that determines eligibility for services, benefits, and tribal citizenship
1808 Prohibiton
stated that no new slaves could be imported into the U.S.
Mason-Dixon Line
the boundary between MD and PA, taken as the northern limit of the slave-owning re the abolition of slavery
The Cotton Belt
a region of the U.S. where cotton is the historic main crop (deep southern states)
Missouri Compromise
settlement of a dispute between slave and free states; northern legislators tried to prohibit slavery in Missouri , which was then applying for statehood
Bleeding Kansas
a series of violent political confrontations in the U.S. involving anti/pro slavery groups
Dried Scott vs. Sanford
Supreme Court decision that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, we’re not American citizens and could not sue in federal court; the court ruled that Congress lacked power to ban slavery in U.S.
Frederick Douglas
an AA social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman
Underground Railroad
a network of secret routes and safe houses established in the U.S. that were used to help slaves escape to freedom
Emancipation Proclomatiom
freed slaves who resided behind Confederate lines that did not recognize his authority as U.S. President
Freedman’s Bureau
helped newly emancipated slaves in their transformation from freedom
Crisps Attucks
an icon of the anti-slavery movement; he was perceived as the first martyr of the American Revolution
13th Amendment
officially outlawed slavery
14th Amendment
- automatic citizenship
- equal protection under the law
- provided sanctions against state governments that didn’t abide
15th Amendment
prohibited state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race or former enslavement
Radical Republicans
committed to the emancipation of slaves and later to the equal treatment and enfranchisement of free blacks
White Redemption
the overthrow of Radical Republicans by white Democrats
1876 Election Compromise
resulted in the U.S. Federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ending the Reconstruction Era
Jim Crow Politics
- poll tax
- literacy tests
- sundown towns
- sharecropping
- Confederate statues
- lynching
- KKK
First Great Migration
approx. 400,000 AA left the south to take advantage of a labor shortage in industrial cities
NAACP
civil rights organization created to fight prejudice, lynching, Jim Crow segregation, and to work for the betterment of “people of color”
Birth of a Nation
a discriminatory film portrayed Blacks to be unintelligent and sexually aggressive, while the KKK were perceived to be heroes
Executive Order 9981
abolished racial discrimination in the armed forces
Dixiecrats
those that opposed racial integration and wanted Jim Crow laws and white supremacy in the face of possible federal intervention
Brown vs. BOE
declared “separate but equal” schools to be unconstitutional
Emmett Till
14 yr old AA who was lynched after a white woman said she was offended by him in her family’s grocery store
Montgomery Bus Boycott
a political/social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transportation system
Little Rock Nine
a group of 9 AA students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School
Freedom Summer
a volunteer campaign in the U.S. to attempt to register as many AA voters as possible in Mississippi
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Voting Rights Act of 1965
prohibits racial discrimination in voting
MLK vs. Malcolm X
MLK: peaceful protest, integration
MX: violence/force, segregationist
Black Power Movement
a collective, action oriented expression of racial pride, strength, and self-definition
Tuskegee Experiment
a study that involved 600 black men - 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease; the study was conducted without the benefit of patients’ informed consent
Rodney King
a taxi driver who became internationally known after a tape was released of him being beaten by LAPD officers following a high-speed car chase
Racial Gerrymandering
manipulating the boundaries so as to favor one party or class
Protest Cycles
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Student Protests-Voting Rights Act
Black Power Movement
MOVE Bombing
police dropped bombs on an urban, predominately black neighborhood; 11 MOVE members died, as well as children
Old-Fashioned Racism
provided justification for the pervasive racial inequality in American society
Modern Racism
racially resentful whites cite deficiencies in black culture, rather than innate inferiority, to explain the ongoing racial inequality in America
Indentured Servantude
men/women who signed a contract by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, shelter, etc
Transatlantic Slave Trade
transportation of slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly from Africa to the Americas, and their sale there
