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PSY 4223: Drug Use and Abuse > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of drugs concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems

A

Pharmacology

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2
Q

The scientific study of behavior

A

Psychology

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3
Q

The subarea of pharmacology that concerns the effects of drugs on behavior

A

Psychopharmacology

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4
Q

To understand how drugs affect behavior, knowledge of these two factors are also required

A

social and environmental factors

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5
Q

World Health Organization’s 1981 definition of a drug

A

Any chemical entity or mixture or entities not required for the maintenance of health, but that alters biological function or structure when administered

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6
Q

The action of a drug on the body

A

Drug effects

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7
Q

Drugs that affect mood, thinking, and behavior

A

Psychoactive drugs

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8
Q

People are most likely to abuse this type of drug

A

Psychoactive drugs

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9
Q

6 ways to classify drugs

A

1) Origin
2) Therapeutic Use
3) Site of Drug Action
4) Chemical Structure
5) Mechanism of Action
6) Street Name

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10
Q

An example of drugs characterized by origin:

A

Opiates

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11
Q

An example of drugs characterized by therapeutic use:

A

Appetite-Suppressants (amphetamines, etc.)

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12
Q

An example of drugs characterized by site of drug action:

A

Depressants

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13
Q

An example of drugs characterized by chemical structure:

A

Barbiturates

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14
Q

An example of drugs characterized by street name:

A

Speed (amphetamines)

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15
Q

What causes the “drug experience?”

A

1) Pharmacological factors
2) Characteristics of the drug user
3) Setting in which a drug is used

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16
Q

3 pharmacological factors

A

Chemical properties and action of the drug
Drug Dosage
Route of administration

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17
Q

Measure of the quantity of the drug consumed

A

Drug dosage

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18
Q

The way that drugs enter the body

A

Route of drug administration

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19
Q

5 characteristics of the drug user

A 
Genetic makeup
Gender
Age
Drug Tolerance
Personality
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20
Q

An individuals knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and other thoughts about an object or event, such as a drug

A

Psychological set

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21
Q

A chemically inactive substance

A

Placebo

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22
Q

The three factors affect the setting in which a drug is used

A

Laws
Immediate physical environment
Presence of other people

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23
Q

When one person regularly used more than one drug

A

Polydrug use

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24
Q

How many past-month alcohol users used illicit drugs on occasion within two hours of alcohol use

A

6%

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25
Q

The most common illicit drug used in conjunction with alcohol

A

Marijuana

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26
Q

Age range of people who use illicit drugs and alcohol together

A

12 to 25 year olds

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27
Q

Binge drinkers are how much more likely to report concurrent alcohol-illicit drug use

A

13.9%

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28
Q

Overall lifetime drug use is highest in

A

the United States

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29
Q

Overall lifetime drug use is lowest in

A

Mexico

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30
Q

Alcohol use is highest in these 6 countries

A

1) USA
2) Mexico
3) Canada
4) the Netherlands
5) Brazil
6) Germany

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31
Q

This drug has highest usage rates

A

Alcohol

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32
Q

This is the second most prevalent drug

A

Cannabis

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33
Q

___ of crime-related costs are for drugs

A

58%

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34
Q

Alcohol abuse cost in USA in 2011

A

$235 billion

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35
Q

Drug abuse cost in USA in 2011

A

$193 billion

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36
Q

Typically based on a cluster of symptoms that is given a name

A

Diagnosis

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37
Q

published by the American Psychiatric Association

A

DSM

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38
Q

Contains formal diagnostic systems of different mental illnesses or disorders

A

DSM

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39
Q

Any consumption of alcohol or other drugs and related events that does not meet the criteria for dependence or abuse

A

Drug Use

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40
Q

Overwhelming involvement with using a drug, getting an adequate supply of it, and having a strong tendency to resume use of it after stopping for a period

A

Addiction

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41
Q

A strong or intense desire to use a drug

A

Craving

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42
Q

The emotional state of craving a drug either for its positive effect or to avoid negative effects associated with its abuse

A

Psychological Dependence

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43
Q

Increased amounts of a drug needed to achieve intoxication, or a diminished drug effect with continued use of the same amount of a drug

A

Tolerance

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44
Q

A definable illness that occurs with a cessation or decrease in use of a drug

A

Withdrawal

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45
Q

A powerful motivator of drug use

A

Withdrawal

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46
Q

A number of symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific illness or disease

A

Syndrome

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47
Q

Repeated use of a drug in interaction with environmental factors results in changes in the brain neural pathways that may heighten the reward value of that drug

A

Sensitization Hypothesis

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48
Q

Why has there been an increase in focus in prevention?

A

Because substance use has contributed to the spread of AIDS.

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49
Q

Avoidance or alleviation of problems associated with substance abuse

A

Prevention

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50
Q

Three types of prevention

A

Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention

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51
Q

Social norms directly influence the use and abuse of psychoactive substances

A

Sociocultural Model

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52
Q

3 basic components of the sociocultural model

A

1) Culture’s normative structure
2) Integrate drinking into socially meaningful activities
3) Gradual socialization of drinking behavior

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53
Q

Formed the sociocultural model

A

Rupert Wilkinson

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54
Q

Is characterized by a low level of emotionalism about drinking

A

Sociocultural model

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55
Q

Advocates for firm taboos on drunkenness

A

Sociocultural model

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56
Q

Seeks to distinguish between drinking and drunkenness

A

Sociocultural model

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57
Q

Says that drinking should be integrated in a broader social context

A

Sociocultural model

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58
Q

Claims that society should only serve alcohol when food is present

A

Sociocultural model

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59
Q

Is the sociocultural model widely applicable?

A

No

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60
Q

Does not account for the value many attach to heavy drinking

A

Sociocultural model

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61
Q

Does not accurately consider physical problems associated with alcohol

A

Sociocultural model

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62
Q

Who formulated the distribution of consumption model?

A

French mathematician, Sully Ledermann in the 1950’s

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63
Q

3 propositions of the Distribution of Consumption Model

A

1) The proportion of heavy alcohol users is positively correlated with mean level of alcohol consumption.
2) Heavy alcohol consumption increases the probability of negative alcohol-related consequences.
3) Societies should attempt to reduce the negative consequences of alcohol consumption by restricting the availability of alcohol.

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64
Q

Purely descriptive and does not tell us why people drink or how environmental factors into drinking behavior

A

Distribution of Consumption Model

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65
Q

“Normal” drinkers may react differently than “heavy” drinkers to reducing alcohol availability

A

Criticism of the Distribution of Consumption Model

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66
Q

Issues of prohibition related to the distribution of consumption model

A

Bootlegging

Home production

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67
Q

Takes a moral stance

A

Proscriptive Model

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68
Q

No use of the substance = No problem

A

Proscriptive Model

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69
Q

Prohibition is an example which preventative model?

A

Proscriptive Model

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70
Q

Was popular in the 1930’s and 40’s and was directed at mass audiences

A

Proscriptive Model

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71
Q

“Good” people do not use drugs

A

Proscriptive Model

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72
Q

Has not made a significant contribution to the prevention of substance abuse problems

A

Proscriptive Model

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73
Q

3 domains in the principles of drug use prevention

A

1) Risk factors and protective factors
2) Planning of prevention programs
3) Delivery of prenvention programs

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74
Q

Education on drug prevention has been traditionally aimed at

A

adolescents and young adults

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75
Q

Drug prevention education has recently been extended to

A

children

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76
Q

Communications designed for widespread distribution, such as advertisements, films, and printed materials

A

Mass Media

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77
Q

Widespread distribution of communications using television, radio, billboards, films, and printed materials

A

Mass Media

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78
Q

Examples of Mass Media campaigns

A

Just Say No
Cocaine: The Big Lie
Know When to Say When
Friends Don’t Let Friends Drive Drunk

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79
Q

Do interventions deter substance use?

A

Not always

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80
Q

More attention is focused on providing interventions for children during

A

early elementary school

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81
Q

What was the purpose of the Montana Meth project?

A

It was designed to reduce methamphetamine use

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82
Q

Focused on children 12-17

A

Montana Meth project

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83
Q

Characterized by graphic tv, radio, and billboard adds

A

Montana Meth project

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84
Q

Increased enforcement and treatment availability

A

Montana Meth project

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85
Q

Involves “values clarification” and decision making

A

Affect-Oriented Programs

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86
Q

Provides students with strategies for making life choices and applying this to drug and alcohol use

A

Affect-Oriented Programs

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87
Q

Goals of affect-orientated programs

A

To be aware of own feelings and attitudes about drugs.

Deal effectively with drug-use situations according to their own values.

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88
Q

Were popular in the 1970’s and 80’s

A

Affect-Oriented Programs

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89
Q

Has alternative behaviors shown any significant benefits?

A

No.

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90
Q

Objective of alternative behaviors

A

Provide opportunities that have the same or more appeal than drug use.

91
Q

Learn to be aware of social influences that lead to drug use

A

Resistance-Skills Training

92
Q

Learn the skills to resist these influences

A

Resistance-Skills Training

93
Q

Positive indications for alcohol, marijuana, and cigarettes

A

Resistance-Skills Training

94
Q

DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is an example of

A

Resistance-Skills Training

95
Q

Disadvantages of worksite programs

A

Cost

Concerns about confidentiality

96
Q

Advantages of worksite programs

A

1) Service to adults who are still functioning well.
2) Employees are a captive audience.
3) Employees do not have to travel to hear messages.
4) Employers benefiting employees improves morale.

97
Q

Most worksite programs focus on

A

secondary prevention

98
Q

Example of secondary prevention worksite program

A

EAP (Employee Assistance Program)

99
Q

Worksite programs focused on primary prevention utilize

A

films, outside speakers, etc…

100
Q

Intends to get employees with a problem to seek help

A

Primary prevention worksite programs

101
Q

3 primary constituencies in college student programs

A

1) College students as individuals
2) Student population as a whole
3) The college and the surrounding community

102
Q

What percent of college students are heavy drinkers?

A

40%

103
Q

A heavy drinker is defined as

A

Someone who has had 5 or more drinks in a row in the past two weeks

104
Q

Skills training programs for college students as individuals or in small groups focuses on 4 things:

A

1) Training in blood alcohol level monitoring
2) Developing coping skills for high risk situations
3) Modifying expectations
4) Developing stress management skills

105
Q

When a drug enters the blood stream

A

Absorption

106
Q

The process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste

A

Metabolism

107
Q

The transport of drugs by the blood to their sites of action in the body

A

Distribution

108
Q

The branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs

A

Pharmacokinetics

109
Q

The vehicle for pharmacodynamics

A

Pharmacokinetics

110
Q

The branch of pharmacology that concerns the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

A

Pharmacodynamics

111
Q

Computed according to a person’s body weight

A

Drug Dose

112
Q

Refers to either the site where a drug is taken or how a drug is taken

A

Routes of Administration

113
Q

Oral route of administration

A

Drugs are swallowed.
Pass through the stomach.
Absorbed primarily through the small intestines.

114
Q

Advantages of oral routes of administration

A

Relative safety
Convenience
Economy

115
Q

Subcutaneous injection

A

Injecting the drug under the layers of the skin.
Easiest injection site to use.
Beginner drug users.

116
Q

When should subcutaneous injection not be used?

A

When it irritates the body tissue, or when large volumes of solution must be taken to introduce enough of the drug to achieve the desired effect.

117
Q

Intramuscular Injection

A

“Within the muscle”

Common sites: Deltoid, thigh, buttocks

118
Q

Intravenous injection

A

“Into the veins”
“Mainlining”
Most highly associated with complications
“Hard-core addicts” (abusers of heroin, cocaine, or both)

119
Q

Inhalation

A

Absorbed through the lung’s membranes
Fast and effective absorption
Drugs are in small particles of matter that are suspended in a gas

120
Q

Drugs that can be changed into gaseous states

A

Inhalants

121
Q

3 inhalants

A

Benzene
Toluene
Naphtha

122
Q

Intranasal

A

Taken through the nose

Absorbed through the mucous membranes of the nose and the sinus cavities

123
Q

Sniffing is a rapid effective way to absorb drugs that are

A

fat soluble

124
Q

Sublingual

A

Drug placed under the tongue and dissolves in saliva

Absorbed through the mouth’s mucous membranes

125
Q

Transdermal

A

“Through the skin”
Alternative to oral administration
Not always very effective

126
Q

The rate and extend to which a drug leaves its site of administration, and it plays a major role in the drug experience

A

Drug Absorption

127
Q

The portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action

A

Bioavailability

128
Q

Areas that receive the most blood get the most drug.

A

Drug distribution

129
Q

The more diffusible tissues receive the drug more rapidly

A

Drug distribution

130
Q

Drugs that contain this property are more likely to reach the brain

A

Fat solubility

131
Q

To be eliminated, drugs have to be

A

Excreted directly, or first metabolized then the by-products further metabolized or by-products excreted

132
Q

Drugs are eliminated through

A

feces, liver bile, mother’s milk, the lungs, perspiration, etc.

133
Q

Enzymes in the GI tract break down a drug to some degree.

Therefore, less drug than was administered is eventually distributed to its site of action.

A

First-Pass Effect

134
Q

Rate at which a drug is metabolized is independent of its concentration in the blood.

A

Zero-order kinetics

135
Q

The amount of drug that is metabolized in a unit of time depends on how much drug is in the blood.

A

First-order kinetics

136
Q

Time that must pass for the amount of drug in the body to be cut in half.

A

Half-life

137
Q

What can be used for drug testing?

A 
Urine
Blood
Sweat
Saliva
Hair
138
Q

Drug testing can be highly accurate if it has a

A

Two step process with screening and a confrmatory test
High-quality specimen collection
Laboratory protocols are followed

139
Q

A standard way of representing drug effects that result from taking different drug doses

A

Dose-Effect Curve

140
Q

Vertical axis represents change we are interested in recording

A

Dose-Effect Curve

141
Q

Horizontal axis represents the range of doses under investigation

A

Dose-Effect Curve

142
Q

The average effect of each dose is plotted

A

Dose-Effect Curve

143
Q

How much drug-dose changes before the effect gets larger

A

Slope

144
Q

The peak of the dose-effect curve for a given effect

A

Efficacy

145
Q

The minimum dose of a drug that yields its efficacy

A

Potency

146
Q

Dose at which a given percentage of individuals show a particular effect of a drug

A

Effective Dose (ED)

147
Q

The dose at which a given percentage of nonhumans die within a specified time

A

Lethal Dose (LD)

148
Q

What is the difference between a drug’s ED and LD

A

Small difference meaning danger of accidental death.

149
Q

If the effect of one drug alter or modifies the effect of another drug, the two drugs have an

A

interaction

150
Q

The effects of two drugs taken together are greater than the effects of taking either drug alone

A

Synergism

151
Q

The diminished or reduced effect of a drug when another is present

A

Antagonism

152
Q

The outside of the cell is

A

More positively charged than the inside

153
Q

Sodium has a ____ charge.

A

+

154
Q

Chloride has a ___ charge.

A

-

155
Q

This ion is on the outside of the cell

A

Sodium

156
Q

This ion is in the inside of the cell

A

Chloride

157
Q

Sodium enters the cell and the charge of the cell becomes less negative

A

Depolarization

158
Q

Positively charged ions enter the cell making the neuron more likely to fire.

A

Excitatory

159
Q

Negatively charged ions enter the cell making the neuron hyperpolarized and less likely to fire.

A

Inhibitory

160
Q

Receptors that are coupled to ion channels and affect the neuron by causing those channels to open.

A

Ionotropic

161
Q

“Fast receptors”

A

Ionotropic

162
Q

Cause the release or activation of second messengers

A

Metabotropic

163
Q

“Slow receptors”

A

Metabotropic

164
Q

Relatively long lasting

A

Metabotropic

165
Q

Open ion channels in the neuron

A

Metabotropic

166
Q

Any substance that fits a receptor lock and activates it

A

Agonist

167
Q

Drugs that enhance the activity of a particular neurotransmitter system

A

Agonist

168
Q

Any substance that occupies a receptor and does not activate it, but prevents other substances from activating the receptor

A

Antagonist

169
Q

Drugs that inhibit the activity of a particular neurotransmitter system

A

Antagonist

170
Q

Can result in a reduction in the amount of neurotransmitter produced and released in affected neurons

A

Chronic drug use

171
Q

The number of available receptor sites can be reduced

A

Chronic drug use

172
Q

Affected pathway can become less sensitive to the drug and tolerance develops

A

Chronic drug use

173
Q

Withdrawal symptoms occur when the drug is withheld

A

Chronic drug use

174
Q

Resides in axon terminals of neurons that activate skeletal muscles

A

Acetylcholine

175
Q

Release into neuromuscular junction when neuron fires

A

Acetylcholine

176
Q

Causes muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

177
Q

Important in sensory processing, attention, and memory

A

Acetylcholine

178
Q

A disease characterized by severe muscle weakness and fatigue, cause by a blockage of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

179
Q

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are

A

Monoamines

180
Q

Chemical structure contains a single amine group

A

Monoamines

181
Q

Key chemical to mediate physical changes that accompany arousal.

A

Norepinephrine

182
Q

Important to the regulation of hunger, alertness, and arousal

A

Norepinephrine

183
Q

Important to the regulation of coordinated motor movements

A

Dopamine

184
Q

Important to sleep regulation

A

Serotonin

185
Q

Large molecules in the peptide family

A

Endorphins

186
Q

Naturally occurring morphine (endogenous morphine)

A

Endorphins

187
Q

2 amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA

Glutamate

188
Q

Most significant inhibitory transmitter in the brain

A

GABA

189
Q

Most abundant of the excitatory neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate

190
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

A

GABA

191
Q

Active chemical in marijuana mimics

A

Anandamide

192
Q

One of the most recently discovered neurotransmitters

A

Anandamide

193
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum

194
Q

Controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, swallowing, blood pressure, and digestion

A

Medulla oblongata

195
Q

Plays a role in control of sleep and wakefulness

A

Pons

196
Q

Runs along the Pons and through the medulla

A

Reticular activating system

197
Q

Critical for alertness and arousal

A

Reticular activating system

198
Q

Critical for motor control

A

Cerebellum

199
Q

Activities involve balance, coordinated movement, and speech

A

Cerebellum

200
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Inferior Colliculi
Superior Colliculi
Substantia Nigra

201
Q

Midbrain structures that control sound localization

A

Inferior Colliculi

202
Q

Midbrain structures that control visual localization

A

Superior Colliculi

203
Q

Parkinson’s develops when nerve cells degenerate in this region

A

Substantia Nigra

204
Q

Parts of the forebrain

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
The Limboc System
Basal Ganglia
Cerebral Cortex
205
Q

“Relay station”

Receivers incoming sensory stimuli and then relays that information

A

Thalamus

206
Q

Critical to motivation of behavior

A

Hypothalamus

207
Q

Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, aggression, and sexual behavior

A

Hypothalamus

208
Q

The mesolimibic dopaminergic pathway is found in

A

The forebrain

209
Q

Pleasure center

A

Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway

210
Q

Included the nucleus accumbens and travels trough the ventral regimental area all the way to the frontal cortex

A

Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway

211
Q

Rich in dopamine

A

Nucleus accumbens

212
Q

Some believe dopamine is critical in producing the rewarding properties of a drug because

A

The nucleus accumbens is rich in dopamine

213
Q

Amygdala and hippocampus

A

The Limboc System

214
Q

Mediates aggression, fear, and other emotional responses

A

Amygdala

215
Q

Critical to memory storage

A

Hippocampus

216
Q

Included the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallius

A

Basal Ganglia

217
Q

Critical for motor movements

A

Basal Ganglia

218
Q

The cerebral cortex is composed of the

A

Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe

219
Q

Visual projection area

A

Occipital Lobe

220
Q

Specialized for auditory information and language

A

Temporal Lobe

221
Q

Tactile stimuli are registered in the

A

Parietal Lobe

222
Q

Responsible for movement initiation

A

Frontal Lobe

223
Q

Involved with emotionality, intelligence, and personality

A

Frontal Lobe

PSY 4223: Drug Use and Abuse (1 decks)

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