Exam 1 Flashcards
Blood & Heart
1
Q
What are the 3 functions of the blood?
A
- Transportation of nutrients and waste
- Regulation of pH & body temperature
- Protection from blood loss & foreign body invasion
2
Q
What type of tissue is blood?
A
liquid connective tissue
3
Q
Blood is what percent of body weight?
A
8%
4
Q
What are the average pH ranges for blood?
A
7.35 - 7.45
5
Q
What are the 2 components of blood?
A
- Plasma (55%)
2. Formed elements (45%)
6
Q
Blood is ____ times more viscous than water.
A
4-5
7
Q
What is blood - formed elements?
A
Plasma
8
Q
What is plasma - plasma proteins?
A
Serum
9
Q
What is plasma composed of?
A
90-92% water, nutrients & waste, plasma proteins, serum
10
Q
What are formed elements?
A
Erythrocytes (RBCs, leukocytes (WBCs), & platelets (thrombocytes).
11
Q
Biconcave, Anucleate, & contains hemoglobin.
A
Erythrocytes (RBC)
12
Q
Anucleate
A
no nucleus
13
Q
Biconcave shape of RBC provide:
A
- greater surface area (carry more oxygen)
2. Flexibility
14
Q
structural protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains each containing a heme group
A
Globin
15
Q
iron-containing fuctional portion of the hemoglobin
A
Heme group
16
Q
forms a reversible bond with oxygen
A
FE++
17
Q
controls the production rate of new RBCs
A
Erythropoietin
18
Q
produced at a rate of ~ 2mil/sec, lives for ~ 120 days
A
Erythrocytes
19
Q
reduced oxygen carrying capacity
A
Anemia
20
Q
faulty bone marrow
A
Aplastic anemia
21
Q
decreased B12 (necessary for RBC production)
A
Pernicious anemia
22
Q
destruction of blood cells
A
Hemolytic anemia
23
Q
blood loss
A
Hemorrhagic anemia
24
Q
results in microcytes
A
Iron deficiency anemia
25
genetic defect causes one globin chain to become rigid
Sickle-cell anemia
26
genetic defect resulting in absent or faulty globin chain (Mediterranean Sickle-Cell)
Thalassemia
27
excess of RBCs
Polycythemia
28
Primary polycythemia (Polycythemia vera)
blood too thick
29
Secondary polycythemia
elevated RBC count
30
What are the 6 steps of Erythropoiesis?
1. Hemocytoblast
2. Proerythroblast
3. Erythroblast
4. Normoblast
5. Reticulocyte
6. Erythrocyte
31
Numerous fine granules which stain pale lilac w/ a darker multi-lobed nucleus. Phagocyte.
Neutrophil
32
Purplish black granules that often obscure a bi-lobed nucleus, intensify inflammation & allergic reactions
Basophils
33
Distinct red granules; bilobed nucleus, phagocytes, combat parasitic worms & release anti-inflammatory chemicals
Eosinophils
34
Pale blue cytoplasm w/ U or Kidney shaped nucleus, develop into macrophages once in tissue, phagocytes
Monocytes
35
Large, dark purple nucleus occupies most of the cell, produce antibodies and provide immunity
Lymphocytes
36
Granulocytes
WBC "philled" with granules
37
What are the 3 granulocytes?
Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil
38
attack bacteria & their toxins, develop into plasma cells which release antibodies
B lymphocytes (B Cells)
39
attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells, transplanted cells & some bacteria, work w/ B cells to provide immunity
T Lymphocyte ( T Cells)
40
Kill cells that have been bound by antibodies or cells that exhibit abnormal traits, use perforins & granzymes to destroy the cells
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
41
decreased WBC count (bone marrow issue)
Leukopenia
42
increased WBC count
Leukocytosis
43
infection of B cells caused by Epstein-Barr virus
Infectious mononucleosis
44
group of cancerous conditions involving WBC
Leukemia
45
stimulated by interlurkins (IL) & colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
Leukopoiesis
46
What are the multiple pathways of Leukopoiesis?
1. Monoblast> Promonocyte> Monocyte
2. Lymphoblast> Prolymphocyte> Lymphocyte
3. Myeloblast> Promyelocyte> Myelocyte (eosinophilic, basophilic, or neutrophilic)> Band Cell (eosinophilic, basophilic, or neutrophilic)> Eosinophil, Basophil, or Neutrophil
47
What are the 3 mechanisms that stop blood loss?
1. Vascular spasm
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
48
Vasoconstriction of the damaged vessel, can last minutes - hours
Vascular spasm
49
Triggered by Von Willebrand factor (VWF), platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, platelet plug
Platelet Plug formation
50
initial sticking of platelets to the wound site, activates more platelets
Platelet adhesion
51
the sticking of platelets to already present platelets
Platelets aggregation
52
A cluster of platelets that temporarily seals the break in a vessel wall
Platelet plug
53
Coagulation involves over 30 different chemicals including:
13 different clotting factors, vitamin K, and Ca++
54
formed following the coming together of various clotting factors
Prothombin activator (enzyme)
55
what does prothrombin activator do?
converts prothrombin (plasma protein) to thrombin (enzyme)
56
what does thrombin do?
converts fibrinogen (plasma protein) to fibrin (fibers of the clot) that trap formed elements
57
clot shrinks to promote healing
clot retraction
58
clot is broken down
fibrinolysis
59
a clot in a healthy vessel
thrombus
60
a thrombus that has broken free and entered circulation
embolus
61
when an embolus becomes trapped in another vessel
embolism
62
an inability of the blood to clot properly, sex-linked disorder
hemophilia
63
decreased platelet count, caused by any condition that suppresses or destroys bone marrow
thrombocytopenia
64
what stimulates thrombopoiesis?
thrombopoietin
65
what are the steps of thrombopoiesis?
Hemocytoblast> Megakaryoblast> Promegakaryocyte> Megakaryocyte (ruptures as it enters circulation)> Platelet
66
has A antigen, B antibodies
Type A blood
67
has B antigen, A antibodies
Type B blood
68
has A & B antigens, no antibodies
Type AB blood
69
has no antigens, A & B antibodies
Type O blood
70
has at least 1 Rh antigen
Rh+
71
has no Rh antigens
Rh-
72
the universal donor (no antigens)
Type O blood
73
the universal recipient (no antibodies)
Type AB blood
74
hemolytic disease of a newborn
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
75
where is the heart located?
within the mediastinum, within the pericardial cavity
76
The cone shaped hearts apex faces what?
the left hip
77
the dual walled structure surrounding the heart
pericardium
78
thicker, outermost layer, protects heart, anchors to surrounding structures, prevents overfilling.
Fibrous Pericardium
79
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium and Serous pericardium
80
What are the 2 layer of the serous pericardium?
Parietal layer and Visceral layer
81
outer layer of the serous pericardium, attached to fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer
82
epicardium, integral part of the heart wall.
Visceral layer
83
separates the parietal and visceral layers, filled with pericardial fluid creating friction free work area.
Pericardial cavity
84
visceral layer of the serous pericardium, composed of a thin layer of connective tissue
Epicardium
85
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
86
layer of heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue
Myocardium
87
layer of heart wall composed of simple squamous epithelium, is continuous with blood vessels entering and leaving heart.
Endocardium
88
What are the 4 chamber of the heart?
L and R Atria, L and R Ventricles
89
upper, thin walled, smaller chambers of the heart that receive blood from veins
Atria (plural)/ Atrium
90
exterior extruding surface of the atrium
Auricle
91
separates the R and L atria
Interatrial septum
92
shallow depression found in right atrium, remnant of foramen ovale.
Fossa Ovalis
93
receive blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
Right Atria
94
receive blood from 4 pulmonary veins of the lungs
Left Atria
95
vein carrying blood from structures above the diaphragm to heart
Superior vena cava
96
vein carrying blood from structures below the diaphragm to the heart
Inferior vena cava
97
veins carrying blood from heart to heart
Coronary sinus
98
lower, bigger chambers of the heart
Ventricles
99
separates the ventricles from the atria
atrioventricular septum
100
separates L and R ventricles
interventricular septum
101
What are the 2 muscle formations of the ventricles?
Trabeculae carnae, and Papillary mucles
102
muscle formation with internal ridges
Trabeculae carnae
103
muscle formation with finger-like projections attached to small tendons
Papillary muscles
104
What are the 2 types of heart valves?
Atrioventricular (AV) valves and Semilunar valves
105
What are the 4 heart valves?
Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid/ Mitral valve, Pulmonary valve, Aortic valve
106
valves found between the atria and ventricles, attached to papillary muscles
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
107
What are the 2 AV valves?
Tricuspid valve and Bicuspid valve
108
valve between R atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve
109
valve between L atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid/ Mitral valve
110
attaches AV valves to papillary muscles
Chordae tendinae
111
valves that remain open when ventricles are relaxed
AV valves
112
the papillary muscles contract and pull on the chordae tendinae to ___?___ during ventricular contraction, therefore __?___.
keep the AV valve closed; preventing the backflow of blood into the atria.
113
valves found between ventricle and its corresponding artery,
Semilunar valves
114
what are the 2 semilunar valves?
Pulmonary valve and Aortic valve
115
valve between the R ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
116
valve between the L ventricle and the aorta
Aortic valve
117
valves that remain closed when ventricles are relaxed
Semilunar valves
118
circulation that occurs on the right side of the heart
Pulmonary circulation
119
What is the process of pulmonary circulation?
De-oxygenated blood from R atrium> tricuspid valve> R ventricle> pulmonary valve> Pulmonary trunk> lungs for gas exchange (alveoli)> Oxygenated blood> pulmonary veins> back to L atrium
120
circulation that occurs on the left side of the heart
Systemic circulation
121
which side of the heart is bigger?
Left
122
what is the process of systemic circulation?
Oxygenated blood from L atrium> bicuspid/mitral valve> L ventricle> aortic valve> aorta> to body for gas exchange> Capillaries (w/in tissues)> De-oxygenated blood> superior/inferior vena cava> back to R atrium
123
circulation branch of systemic loop
Coronary circulation
124
what is the process of coronary circulation?
Blood from L ventricle> Aorta> R and L coronary arteries> Myocardial capillaries for gas exchange> cardiac veins> coronary sinus> R atrium
125
artery that supplies the right atrium, has 2 main branches
Right coronary artery
126
supplies anterior and lateral portions of the right ventricle
Marginal artery
127
supplies posterior side of both ventricles
Posterior interventricular artery
128
what are the 2 main branches of the right coronary artery?
Marginal artery and Posterior interventricular artery
129
what are the 2 main branches of the left coronary artery?
Anterior interventricular artery and Circumflex artery
130
supplies anterior side of both ventricles
anterior interventricular artery
131
supplies left atrium and all portions of the left ventricle
Circumflex artery
132
What are the 4 cardiac veins?
Great cardiac vein, Posterior cardiac vein, Middle cardiac vein, Small cardiac vein
133
the largest cardiac vein, drains the anterior aspect of the heart.
Great cardiac vein
134
drain the posterior and lateral aspects of the heart
Posterior, Middle, and Small cardiac veins
135
involves autorhythmic cells and cardiac muscle cells
cardiac muscle contraction
136
make up the conduction system, responsible for action potential (AP) generation and conduction (pacemaker)
Autoryhthmic Cells
137
considered the hearts natural normal pacemaker, under control of nervous and endocrine systems
SA (sinoatrial) node
138
start near the apex and moves up thru ventricles, site of synapse between conduction system and ventricular myocardium
Purkinje Fibers
139
striated, braching and mononucleated, intercalated disc, AP generation
Cardiac muscle cells
140
cellular junctions that allow ion movement between cells
Intercalated Disc
141
longer refractory period than skeletal muscle tissue, cannot undergo tetanus
Cardiac muscle cells
142
Depolarization is caused by an opening of _?_.
voltage gated Na+ channels
143
Repolarization is caused by an opening of _?_.
voltage gated K+ channels
144
Plateau caused by an opening of _?_.
voltage gated Ca++ channels, leakage of K+
145
What makes the SA node fire?
Ca++ moving in
146
what is the process of contraction?
AP generated in SA node travels to atrial myocardium and AV node (causes atrial contraction)> AP travels from AV node to bundle of His then along bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers> AP travels down the sarcolemma and causes voltage gated Ca++ channels in sarcolemma to open> Ca++ moves into the cell from the ECF and binds to receptor on the SR> Ca++ release channels open in the SR causing larger amounts of Ca++ to be released from the SR (calcium-induced calcium release)> Ca++ binds to troponin initiating contraction (sliding filament mechanism)
147
What are the 4 events that happen during 1 heartbeat?
Atrial and Ventricular Systole (contraction), Atrial and Ventricular Diastole (relaxation)
148
What are the 3 phases of the cardiac cycle?
1. Ventricular relaxation 2. Ventricular filling 3. Ventricular ejection
149
occurs just after blood is ejected from the ventricles, semilunar valves are open and AV valves are closed
Ventricular relaxation
150
causes decreased ventricular P
Ventricular diastole
151
begins when AV valves open, rapid ventricular filling, Atrial systole, End Diastolic Volume EDV
Ventricular filling
152
volume of blood in the ventricle just prior to contraction
End Diastolic Volume EDV
153
ventricular systole, closing of AV valves, opening of semilunar valves, ventricular ejection, atrial filling
Ventricular ejection
154
causes increased ventricular P
Ventricular systole
155
causes first heart sound
Closing of AV valves
156
causes second heart sound
Closing of semilunar valves
157
Ventricular diastole, closing of semilunar valves, opening of AV valves
Ventricular relaxation
158
the amount of blood in one heartbeat
Stroke volume
159
total amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
cardiac output
160
What are the 2 mechanisms for the regulation of Cardiac Output?
regulation of stroke volume and regulation of HR
161
What are the 3 factors of Stroke Volume regulation?
1. Preload 2. Contractibility 3. Afterload
162
stretch on the cardiac muscle just before contraction
Preload
163
strength of contraction
Contractibility
164
pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood
Afterload
165
Increased EDV = ?
Increased Preload, SV, CO; Decreased Afterload
166
Decreased EDV = ?
Decreased Preload, SV, CO; Increased Afterload
167
promote Ca++ movement into the cells
Positive inotropic agents
168
inhibit Ca++ movement into cells
Negative inotropic agents
169
pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood (blood pressure)
afterload
170
where is the cardiovascular center located?
medulla oblongata
171
fight or flight
sympathetic
172
rest and digest
parasympathetic
173
the cardiovascular center is composed of 3 centers:
cardioacceleratory center
cardioinhibitory center
vasomotor center
174
sympathetic; heart beats faster
cardioacceleratory center
175
parasympathetic; heart beats slower
cardioinhibitory center
176
sympathetic only; blood vessel diameter
vasomotor center
177
in aortic arch and bifurcation of common carotid artery; monitors O2 and CO2 levels
chemoreceptors
178
in aortic arch and carotid sinus; monitors blood pressure
baroreceptors
179
in skeletal muscles and joints; movement and body position
proprioceptors
180
responds to hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, or low BP; stimulates cardiac accelerator nerves
sympathetic NS
181
responds to alkalosis or high BP, stimulates vagus nerve;
parasympathetic NS
182
mimic the sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine and norepinephrine
183
blocks Ca++ movement into SA node, HR decreases
hypernatremia
184
inhibits AP generation, HR decreases
hyperkalemia
185
increases conc. gradient, HR increases
hypercalcemia
186
decreases conc. gradient, HR decreases
hypocalcemia
187
atrial depolarization on EKG
P-Wave
188
Ventricular depolarization, atrial repolarization is occurring but is masked on EKG
QRS-Complex
189
Ventricular repolarization on EKG
T-Wave
