Exam 1 Flashcards
GAP
Good Agricultural Practices
American Tobacco Company
Formed by J.D. Duke, ~1890.
Brokered deal with John Bonsack for exclusive use of his rolling machine. Took over four major competitors and came to be known as “The Trust” (monopoly).
Forced locals out of business or into buyout by slashing prices. Absorbed 250+ other companies by 1910.
Dissolved by 1911 for violation of Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.
King James I
“Counterblaste to Tobacco”, 1604.
Disgusted with tobacco which lead to increased taxation… high at first which created black markets, lowered with increase in profit.
George Webb / Joseph Fore
Discovered/developed White Burley in 1864/65 in Brown County, Ohio.
Introduced to KY, became predominant burley tobacco type in the state.
James Wilksinson
Founded Frankfort in 1786.
Used KY River to ship tobacco to New Orleans in 1787. Duty payments were implemented after a ship seizure was rectified through a secret meeting.
A monopoly of KY tobacco transport to New Orleans was created… then lost in 1788.
John Rolfe
Brought seeds of N. tabacum from Bermuda to struggling Jamestown in 1609.
Grows first crop in 1612 and exports to England in 1610.
Exponentially increases production and creates exploding market in Virginia which spread to other colonies.
The Nightriders
Vigilante members of The Association, participated in the Black Patch Wars against ‘The Trust’.
Attempted to coerce growers into joining the cause - had success until implementation of scare tactics and violent acts.
Most were never brought to justice.
Burley Tobacco Growers Cooperative
Post “Old Pool” -> “New Pool”, 1941.
Still operates as grower cooperative in KY, IN, OH, MO, VA. 75% membership.
Would purchase unwanted tobacco, process it, then sell later. Received low interest government loans for funding.
Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
Set area limitations and loan rates.
Established precedent for paying to NOT produce a crop, eventually leading to control program.
Tobacco Control Program
Growers agreed to production quota for guaranteed prices. Graded by federal grader and sold at auction. Unsold tobacco purchased by co-op, sold later.
Brought stability, but improved management through advancements in agriculture lead to overproduction (1955-1970).
Major change in 1971: production limits based on acreage/poundage… 1975 only weight considered for burley.
Factors leading to demise of tobacco program
Unpopular with public, even without tax payer support.
Price stability = quota instability. Artificially high leaf price compared to world market (well above production costs).
Cooperative surplus stocks… high stocks of poor quality, with government rescues (‘going to the well too often’).
High lease prices.
Contracting gained strength and market moved away from auctions.
The Buyout
FETRA - Fair and Equitable Tobacco Reform Act of 2004.
Ended tobacco program, provided quota owners compensation for value of their quota (complicated for individuals).
Allowed many to exit the industry, with movement towards contract sales direct to tobacco companies.
Effect of The Buyout on Kentucky
Burley acres in KY down 35% from 2004.
Westward shift of acreage locations.
Decrease in number of tobacco farms/acreage (but increase in individual acreage/farm).
Describe Black Shank and associated resistance
Race 0, 1, 2? breeding efforts focused on multiple genes (horizontal) for increased resistance for all races.
Diagnostic test required to rest resistance to specific race.
Leaf arrangement of tobacco and advantages?
3/8 phyllotaxy (9th over 1st)
Whorled leaves promote increased light absorption and, therefore, increased photosynthesis.
Describe environmental conditions that promote best yields/quality
Mild temperatures and low (but adequate) rainfall during germination.
Heavier rains during flowering/topping.
Low relative humidity and cool temperatures during curing.
Describe environmental conditions that promote poorest yields/quality
Heavy rain and hot temperatures during germination.
Low rainfall during flowering/topping.
High relative humidity and high temperatures during curing.
Discuss dis/advantages of fall fumigation
Advantages
- more favorable weather
- less time spent waiting for effects
Disadvantages
- length of time pests have to reestablish in bed
Weed that often escapes fumigation?
Nutsedge and legumes
Factors driving shift from conventional plant beds to float bed production
Uniformity - plants have equal space and access to resources (water, soil, fertilizer, etc).
Less seed used - one seed per cell = less waste
Controlled environment - allows ideal conditions for development
Transplant shock - less trauma to roots when transplanted from float system instead of ripped from soil.
How did the shift to float plants influence other areas of tobacco crop management?
Disease and pest management begin in a controlled environment which can lead to healthier transplants taken to the field, increasing yield potential.
Tiered production separated into components, with some producers only growing transplants for sale.
Labor, while still necessary, was needed for less time overall (conventional - weather dictates setting time, float systems - producers make call)
Symptoms of over/under packing trays
Over
- poor germination
- spiral root
Under
- poor germination
- poor wicking
How would you force flowering in tobacco?
Terramaster applications.
Low light, cool temperatures.
Four hour night light (incandescent) stops this!
Benefits of clipping transplants
promotes uniformity,
increases stem diameter,
increases air and light penetration (reduces disease)
