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Organ Histology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four basic tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

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2
Q

what is the main function of nervous tissue

A

transmission of mental impulses

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3
Q

was the main function of muscle tissue

A

provides strong contractions and allows movement

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4
Q

what are the general functions of epithelium

A

absorption, secretion, provide a barrier

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5
Q

what is absorption

A

the primary function of epithelium most often in the small intestine, colon and skin

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6
Q

where does epithelium secrete

A

stomach and endocrine glands

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7
Q

what are specialized functions of epithelium

A

transport molecules across the epithelium, prevent transport of materials across epithelium, sensory

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8
Q

what is selective permeability

A

prevention of transport of materials across epithelium

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9
Q

what are the five basic characteristics of epithelium

A

cells are adjacent to each other. They associate with complete or partial basement membrane. Epithelium is avascular nutrition is obtained via diffusion. it is associated with vascular connective tissue. Cells are held together by cell Junctions

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10
Q

what are the two parts of the complete basement membrane

A

basal lamina produced by epithelium, and reticular lamina produced by fiber in the connective tissue

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11
Q

what is the partial basement membrane consisted of

A

the basal lamina layer only

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12
Q

what are the functions of the basement membrane

A

provides a surface for epithelial cell attachment, molecular filter, limits stretch, directs migration of cells (around healing)

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13
Q

epithelium is avascular how does it obtain nutrition

A

diffusion

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14
Q

what are the functions of vascular connective tissue

A

provides nutrition, and is a source of defensive cells (healing after damage)

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15
Q

what does zonula mean

A

girdle

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16
Q

types of cell Junctions

A

zonula occludens, Zona adherens, macula adherens, Gap Junctions

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17
Q

what does zonula occludens mean

A

tight Junction

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18
Q

what are zonula occludents

A

Junctions that involve the sharing of intrinsic membrane proteins between adjacent cells, these junctions have interacting proteins

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19
Q

what are the two functions of zonula occludens

A

provides a strong attachment and prevents the passage of materials between cells

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20
Q

what does zonular adherence mean

A

adhesion belt

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21
Q

what are the two regions of the Zona adherens

A

cadherins and marginal bands

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22
Q

what are the cadherins of the zonula adherens

A

linkage proteins between cells

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23
Q

what are the marginal bands of a zonula adherens

A

microfilaments which attach the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane

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24
Q

what are the two functions of the zonula adherence

A

strong attachment and to provide cell structure stability

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25
Q

what is a macula adherens

A

desmosome

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26
Q

what is the function of the macula adherens

A

provides strong attachment

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27
Q

what are the two functions of Gap Junctions

A

strong attachment and transport materials between cells (gap size varies, cells can control size of opening)

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28
Q

describe the Gap Junction

A

six connexins (or proteins) arranged in a cylinder. The size of the openings can be controlled by the cell. A connexon is one complete structure

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29
Q

what is the junctional complex

A

three Junctions in the following order beginning with the free cell surface: 1, zonula occludens. 2, Zona adherens. 3, macula adherens

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30
Q

note: Hemi desmosomes and focal point contacts are Junctions that hold what

A

the epithelium to the basement membrane and the connective tissue below

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31
Q

what is a Hemi desmosomes

A

they hope to connect epithelial cells to the basal lamina. Essentially a half a desmosomes

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32
Q

what is a focal point contact

A

an integrin (a transmembrane protein of the cell membrane) binds to structural connective tissue glycoproteins and also connects to cytoskeleton

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33
Q

what is bullous pemphigoid

A

an autoimmune skin condition causing large blistering lesions that burst but do heal

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34
Q

what is the cause of bullous pemphigoid

A

antibodies bind to particular proteins in Hemi desmosomes

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35
Q

what is pemphigus vulgaris

A

an autoimmune skin disease causing skin blistering that do not heal easily; excessive bleeding is likely. Can be fatal.

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36
Q

what is the cause of pemphigus vulgaris

A

antibodies bind to parts of desmosomes

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37
Q

what is cholera

A

acute bacterial infection of the small intestines

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38
Q

what is the cause of Cholera

A

toxins disrupt proteins in zonula occludens which permits the loss of water and electrolytes from the connective tissue below the epithelium

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39
Q

what are the types of epithelium

A

simple epithelium and stratified epithelium

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40
Q

what is simple epithelium

A

epithelium that is a single cell thick. All cells contact the basement membrane

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41
Q

what is simple squamous

A

a single layer of flattened cells

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42
Q

what is the function of simple squamous

A

provides a living filter, a barrier, and secretion

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43
Q

what are example locations of simple squamous epithelium

A

the lungs(has exchange cells), parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule in the kidney, serosa (visceral peritoneum) on the outside of organs

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44
Q

what is simple cuboidal epithelium

A

a single layer of cube-shaped cells the nucleus app occupies much of the cell cytoplasm. Typically looks like a square when sectioned for a slide. these cell types have increased cytoplasm and more organelles.

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45
Q

what are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

secrete, absorb, provide a barrier

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46
Q

what are example locations of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

exocrine ducts, thyroid follicular cells, kidney tubules

47
Q

what is simple columnar epithelium

A

a single layer of cells that have height, more cell cytoplasm than simple cuboidal. Typically look rectangular when sectioned for a slide

48
Q

what are example locations of simple columnar epithelium

A

the stomach, small intestines, gallbladder, large exocrine ducts

49
Q

what is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

also known as respiratory epithelium, this epithelium has three cell types of various heights so it can have the appearance of a stratified epithelium

50
Q

what are the cell types of respiratory epithelium

A

goblet cells, ciliated columnar cells, basal cells

51
Q

what are example locations of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

trachea, respiratory region of nasal cavity, bronchi

52
Q

what are goblet cells

A

tall cells seen and respiratory as well as GI and other bodily locations, they have a modified columnar cell shape

53
Q

what is the function of goblet cells

A

produce mucus

54
Q

what are ciliated columnar cells

A

columnar cells that contain cilia (which are anchored in the apex of the cell by basal bodies)

55
Q

what is the function of ciliated columnar cells

A

to move the mucus over the surface

56
Q

what are basal cells

A

short pyramidal shape cell that does not reach the surface

57
Q

what is the function of basal cells

A

to be the stem cell for this type of epithelium.

58
Q

what are the surface specializations for simple epithelium

A

microvilli, stereocilia, cilia, glycocalyx

59
Q

what is microvilli

A

difficult to discern from cilia, these finger-like projections at the apical surface on some epithelial cells are also called brush border or a striated border

60
Q

what is the function of microvilli

A

to increase surface area which increases absorption

61
Q

what are example locations of microvilli

A

kidney tubules cells, small intestines

62
Q

what are stereocilia

A

extremely long microvilli (misnomer). Usually fewer present than in microvilli not related to true cilia. non-motile, quite rigid with actin core.

63
Q

what is the function of stereocilia

A

usually to increase surface area

64
Q

what are example locations of stereocilia

A

epididymis, cochlear hair cells

65
Q

what are cilia

A

difficult to discern from microvilli, they are thin apical hair like extensions of the cytoskeleton.

66
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

to move something over a

67
Q

what are example locations of cilia

A

trachea, oviduct

68
Q

what are two important things about cells with cilia

A

increased mitochondria due to high energy requirements, basal bodies block the free surface so there is no absorption or secretion

69
Q

what is a glycocalyx

A

surface layer of glycoproteins and carbohydrates that covers some epithelium, network-like material, produced by epithelial cells

70
Q

what are the functions of a glycocalyx

A

protection via extra layer, cell recognition. other possible functions include cell adhesion and holding enzymes

71
Q

what are example locations of glycocalyx

A

stomach and small intestines

72
Q

what is stratified epithelium

A

epithelium that is two or more cell layers thick named for the shape of its superficial cell, all have a protective function.

73
Q

what is stratified squamous epithelium

A

multiple layers of cells that tend to flatten out from basal layer to superficial layer. superficial layer of cells are flat and alive

74
Q

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

protection from abrasion in moist environment

75
Q

what are example locations of stratified squamous

A

esophagus, oral cavity, tongue, vagina

76
Q

what are limitations to stratified squamous

A

no protection from drying, limited thickness so protection is limited (nutrition through diffusion, superficial cells are alive).

77
Q

what is keratinized stratified squamous

A

multiple layers of cells that also tend to flatten from basal layer to superficial layer of cells, superficial cell layer is covered by an added non-living layer of keratin.

78
Q

what is the function of keratinized stratified squamous

A

protection in a dry environment

79
Q

what is a layers of keratinized stratified squamous of the skin

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum.

80
Q

what is the stratum basale

A

one to two layers of keratinocytes which are mitotic and closest to the dermis

81
Q

what is the stratum spinosum

A

multiple layers of “spiny shaped” keratinocytes that produce keratin. Keratinocytes have cytokeratin tonofilaments that radiates outward from the nuclear region. Thickness of this layer can vary.

82
Q

what is stratum granulosum

A

uppermost 2 to 5 layers of flattened living keratinocytes that contain flattened, condensed keratohyalin granules. Keratin production continues, lipids produced as well. Exocytosis of lipid filled lamellar granules will occur from the cells

83
Q

what is the stratum lucidum

A

thin layer of recently dead or dying keratinocytes present only in thick skin. This layer is not easy to see, nucleus and organelles are not present, protects against shearing action against high-use areas of hands and feet

84
Q

what is the stratum corneum

A

layer of dead cells, keratin and lipids. Thickness of this layer varies

85
Q

what are the three functions of stratum corneum

A

prevents water loss, provides a barrier to microbes, protects against abrasion

86
Q

what do epidermal pegs and dermal papillae do?

A

contribute strength to keratinized stratified squamous epithelium by increasing surface area for attachment of the epithelium to the connective tissue below

87
Q

what is the cell cycle length of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

roughly 28-day life cycle

88
Q

what are other cells found in keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, Merkel cells.

89
Q

what is a keratinocyte

A

typical cell type which divides in stratum basale, produces keratin and keratohyalin granules and lipids when in stratum granulosum

90
Q

what are melanocytes

A

cells which protect against UV radiation. Found in Stratham basala. Keratinocytes phagocytize the cytoplasmic tips of melanocytes containing melanosomes with melanin

91
Q

what is skin color greatly influenced by

A

environment , genetics, number of blood vessels in dermis

92
Q

how does environment affect skin color

A

increase UV light exposure will increase melanocyte numbers and increase melanin production

93
Q

how does genetic influence skin color

A

placement of melanin, destruction rate of melanin by lysosomes, eumelanin which is darker or pheomelanin which is redder

94
Q

melanocyte note

A

melanocyte numbers are about equal in all humans

95
Q

what are langerhans cells

A

these antigen presenting cells recognize and process external foreign antigens. They are found in the stratum spinosum. They are an epidermal dendritic cell

96
Q

what are Merkel cells

A

epithelial tactile cells which provide touch receptors associated with free nerve endings. They are found in the stratum basale

97
Q

what is stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

two layers of cells. Basal layer is typically flattened. Superficial layer of cells is cuboid and shape. uncommon.

98
Q

what are example locations of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

larger ducks and sweat glands and salivary glands

99
Q

what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

to increase protection and provide a barrier

100
Q

what are stratified columnar epithelium

A

two layers of cells with a basal layer flattened to cuboid in shape. Superficial layer is columnar and shape. Very very rare.

101
Q

what are example locations of stratified columnar epithelium

A

large ducts in pancreas, parts of the male urethra, conjunctiva of the eye

102
Q

what are functions of stratified columnar epithelium

A

to increase protection, provide a barrier, to provide a transition between epithelial types

103
Q

what is Transitional epithelium

A

AKA urinary epithelium, includes multiple layers of cells. Multiple functions, extremely specialized.

104
Q

what are the functions of transitional epithelium

A

provide protection, to stretch, serve as a barrier

105
Q

what are the specializations of transitional epithelium

A

a thin fenestrated basement membrane, large rounded superficial cells, well-developed zonula occludens

106
Q

what are the specializations of transitional epithelium

A

a thin fenestrated basement membrane, large rounded superficial cells, well-developed zonula occludens

107
Q

why is a well-developed Zola occludents important in transitional epithelium

A

to keep cells attached to each other since they are not tightly attached to the fenestrated basement membrane, and to prevent waste or urine from seeping between epithelial cells

108
Q

what is an unusual feature of transitional epithelium

A

some binucleated superficial cells

109
Q

what is psoriasis vulgaris

A

patchy skin lesions. accelerated keratinocyte life cycle, one week 4 times faster than the usual 28 days. Cells accumulate in stratum corneum, inflammation in dermal papillae is seen, cyclic and etiology is unknown.

110
Q

what are freckles

A

spots with extra pigment, especially in the fair-skinned. An increase in melanin without an increase in melanocyte numbers.

111
Q

what is vitiligo

A

patches with black melanocytes. Unknown cause but often associated with systemic diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, Addison’s disease, pernicious anemia, and leprosy.

112
Q

what are moles

A

AKA naevi. Discoloration due to a proliferation of melanocytes

113
Q

what is malignant melanoma

A

melanocytes that have become mitotically active and invade the dermis. Very invasive and metastatic. Treatment includes surgery and chemotherapy.

114
Q

what is albinism

A

skin condition in which melanocytes failed to produce melanin. tyrosinase enzyme is missing from melanocytes. Tyrosinase is a catalyst in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin

Organ Histology (2 decks)

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