Exam 1

Question 1

What nerve’s branches control motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 1

Facial Nerve (C.N. VII)

Question 2

What nerve, when compressed, will lead to Bell’s palsy?

Answer 2

Facial nerve (C.N. VII)

Question 3

What nerve’s branches control sensory innervation to the face?

Answer 3

Trigeminal nerve (C.N. V)

Question 4

What are the 3 major branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 4

Ophthalmic (V1), Maxillary (V2), and Mandibular (V3)

Question 5

What major branch of the trigeminal nerve distributes primarily to the face and scalp?

Answer 5

Ophthalmic nerve (V1)

Question 6

What major branch of the trigeminal nerve is considered V1?

Answer 6

Ophthalmic nerve (V1)

Question 7

What major branch of the trigeminal nerve distributes primarily to the cheek and the area lateral to the orbit?

Answer 7

Maxillary nerve (V2)

Question 8

What major branch of the trigeminal nerve is considered V2?

Answer 8

Maxillary nerve (V2)

Question 9

What major branch of the trigeminal nerve distributes primarily to the chin and temporal region?

Answer 9

Mandibular nerve (V3)

Question 10

What major branch of the trigeminal nerve is considered V3?

Answer 10

Mandibular nerve (V3)

Question 11

What are the 5 branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

Answer 11

Supraorbital nerve, Supratrochlear nerve, External Nasal nerve, Infratrochlear nerve, and Lacrimal nerve

Question 12

What is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve?

Answer 12

Supraorbital nerve

Question 13

What is the smallest branch of the ophthalmic nerve?

Answer 13

Lacrimal nerve

Question 14

What branch of the ophthalmic nerve supplies the area between the eyes and nose?

Answer 14

Infratrochlear nerve

Question 15

What are the 3 branches of the maxillary nerve?

Answer 15

Zygomaticotemporal nerve, Zygomaticofacial nerve, and Infraorbital nerve

Question 16

What branch of the maxillary nerve is relatively small?

Answer 16

Zygomaticofacial nerve

Question 17

What branch of the maxillary nerve is giant?

Answer 17

Infraorbital nerve

Question 18

What branch of the maxillary nerve supplies the entire area over the cheek bone?

Answer 18

Infraorbital nerve

Question 19

What branch of the maxillary nerve is the most frequently injured nerve with blows to the face?

Answer 19

Infraorbital nerve

Question 20

Is the bone around the infraorbital nerve thick?

Answer 20

No

Question 21

Is the bone around the infraorbital nerve thin?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

What are the 3 branches of the mandibular nerve?

Answer 22

Auriculotemporal nerve, Buccal nerve, and Mental nerve

Question 23

What is the largest branch of the mandibular nerve?

Answer 23

Auriculotemporal nerve

Question 24

What branch of the mandibular nerve supplies the cheek?

Answer 24

Buccal nerve

Question 25

What branch of the mandibular nerve supplies the chin?

Answer 25

Mental nerve

Question 26

What condition is characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain occurring in an area of sensory distribution of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 26

Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)

Question 27

What does Tic Douloureux mean?

Answer 27

Unhappy Tic

Question 28

What can trigger trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)?

Answer 28

Often due to touch (could be from shaving or cold wind as well)

Question 29

What branch of the trigeminal nerve does trigeminal neuralgia most commonly occur to?

Answer 29

Maxillary Division

Question 30

What branch of the trigeminal nerve does trigeminal neuralgia second most commonly occur to?

Answer 30

Mandibular Division

Question 31

What branch of the trigeminal nerve does trigeminal neuralgia least commonly occur to?

Answer 31

Ophthalmic Division

Question 32

What is the cause of trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux)?

Answer 32

Cause is unknown

Question 33

What cord level does the spinal trigeminal nucleus extend down to?

Answer 33

C4

Question 34

What nucleus is involved with pain reception of the face?

Answer 34

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus

Question 35

What is the sensory innervation of the posterior aspect of the neck and scalp from?

Answer 35

Posterior (Dorsal) Primary Rami of cervical nerves 2 to 4

Question 36

What is the sensory innervation to the occipital region?

Answer 36

Greater Occipital nerve (Posterior Primary Ramus of C2)

Question 37

Which nerve is the posterior primary ramus of C2 synonymous with?

Answer 37

Greater Occipital nerve

Question 38

What is the sensory innervation to the upper part of the back of the neck?

Answer 38

Third Occipital nerve (Posterior Primary Ramus of C3)

Question 39

Which nerve is the posterior primary ramus of C3 synonymous with?

Answer 39

Third Occipital nerve

Question 40

What is the sensory innervation to the lower part of the back of the neck?

Answer 40

posterior primary ramus of C4

Question 41

Does C1 have posterior root carrying sensory fibers?

Answer 41

no, it is strictly a motor nerve

Question 42

Which spinal nerve is strictly a motor nerve?

Answer 42

C1

Question 43

What is the sensory innervation of the anterior and lateral aspect of the neck from?

Answer 43

anterior (ventral) primary rami of cervical nerves 2 to 4

Question 44

What plexus is formed by the anterior primary rami of C1, C2, C3, and C4?

Answer 44

Cervical Plexus

Question 45

What is the cervical plexus formed by?

Answer 45

anterior primary rami of C1, C2, C3, and C4

Question 46

What spinal nerves supply sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb (via brachial plexus)?

Answer 46

C5, C6, C7, and C8

Question 47

What are the 4 sensory branches of the cervical plexus?

Answer 47

lesser occipital nerve (C2), great auricular nerve (C2 & C3), transverse cervical nerve (C2 & C3), and supraclavicular nerve (C3 & C4)

Question 48

Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear?

Answer 48

lesser occipital nerve (C2)

Question 49

What is the segmental innervation of the lesser occipital nerve?

Answer 49

C2

Question 50

Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear?

Answer 50

great auricular nerve (C2 & C3)

Question 51

Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus accompanies the external jugular vein?

Answer 51

great auricular nerve (C2 & C3)

Question 52

What is the segmental innervation of the great auricular nerve?

Answer 52

C2 and C3

Question 53

Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)?

Answer 53

transverse cervical nerve (C2 & C3)

Question 54

What is the segmental innervation of the transverse cervical nerve?

Answer 54

C2 and C3

Question 55

Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus supplies the lateral surface of the neck?

Answer 55

supraclavicular nerve (C3 & C4)

Question 56

What is the segmental innervation of the supraclavicular nerve?

Answer 56

C3 and C4

Question 57

Which sensory branch of the cervical plexus has 3 subdivisions?

Answer 57

supraclavicular nerve

Question 58

What are the 3 branches of the supraclavicular nerve (C3, C4)?

Answer 58

medial supraclavicular nerve, intermediate supraclavicular nerve, and lateral supraclavicular nerve

Question 59

Where does the cervical plexus carry motor fibers to?

Answer 59

infrahyoid (strap) muscles used for swallowing and breathing

Question 60

What muscles, supplied by the cervical plexus, are used for swallowing and breathing?

Answer 60

infrahyoid (strap) muscles

Question 61

What is the loop from which the cervical plexus’ motor fibers arise?

Answer 61

ansa cervicalis

Question 62

What are the 2 parts of the ansa cervicalis?

Answer 62

superior root (primarily from C1) and inferior root (from C2 and C3)

Question 63

Which portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve to join the inferior root?

Answer 63

superior root

Question 64

What is the segmental innervation of the ansa cervicalis’ superior root?

Answer 64

primarily C1; or C1 and C2

Question 65

Which portion of the ansa cervicalis descends from cervical nerve branches to join the superior root?

Answer 65

inferior root

Question 66

What is the segmental innervation of the ansa cervicalis’ inferior root?

Answer 66

C2 and C3

Question 67

Which 3 of the 4 infrahyoid muscles receives its innervation from the ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)?

Answer 67

sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid

Question 68

Which infrahyoid muscle receives its innervation exclusively from C1 fibers through the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 68

thyrohyoid

Question 69

Is the phrenic nerve usually considered to be part of the cervical plexus?

Answer 69

yes

Question 70

What is the phrenic nerve’s segmental innervation?

Answer 70

C3, C4, and C5 (C3, 4, and 5 keeps the diaphragm alive)

Question 71

What nerve is the motor supply to the diaphragm?

Answer 71

phrenic nerve

Question 72

What nerve is the sensory supply to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen?

Answer 72

phrenic nerve

Question 73

What nerve can be found in the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle?

Answer 73

phrenic nerve

Question 74

What nerve runs vertically down the anterior scalene muscle and into the thorax?

Answer 74

phrenic nerve

Question 75

What are the 3 superficial muscles of the neck?

Answer 75

platysma, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius

Question 76

What does platysma mean?

Answer 76

plate or flat

Question 77

What is the origin of the platysma?

Answer 77

superficial fascia over the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles

Question 78

What is the insertion of the platysma?

Answer 78

lower border of the mandible and the angle of the mouth

Question 79

What is the nerve supply to the platysma?

Answer 79

cervical branch of facial nerve (C.N. VII)

Question 80

What is the function of the platysma?

Answer 80

depresses the mandible and draws down the corner of the mouth

Question 81

What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 81

sternal head from the front of the manubrium, clavicular head from the medial third of the clavicle

Question 82

What is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 82

lateral surface of mastoid process, lateral half of the superior nuchal line

Question 83

What is the nerve supply to the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 83

accessory nerve (C.N. XI)

Question 84

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 84

chief flexor of the head

Question 85

What condition is a pathological contraction of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 85

torticollis

Question 86

In the condition torticollis, is the head tilted toward the affected side?

Answer 86

yes

Question 87

In the condition torticollis, is the head tilted away from the affected side?

Answer 87

no

Question 88

In the condition torticollis is the face turned toward the affected side?

Answer 88

no

Question 89

In the condition torticollis is the face turned away from the affected side?

Answer 89

yes

Question 90

What are the 3 types of torticollis?

Answer 90

congenital torticollis, muscular torticollis, and spasmodic torticollis

Question 91

Which type of torticollis results from a fibrous tissue tumor which develops at or shortly before birth?

Answer 91

congenital torticollis

Question 92

Which type of torticollis is due to birth injury?

Answer 92

muscular torticollis

Question 93

Which type of torticollis occurs in adults and is due to abnormal tonicity?

Answer 93

spasmodic torticollis

Question 94

Which type of torticollis often responds well to chiropractic care?

Answer 94

spasmodic torticollis

Question 95

What is the origin of the trapezius?

Answer 95

external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, and the spinous processes of the 7th cervical and all thoracic vertebrae

Question 96

What is the insertion of the trapezius?

Answer 96

the lateral 3rd of the clavicle, spine of the scapula, and the acromion process

Question 97

What is the nerve supply to the trapezius?

Answer 97

accessory nerve (C.N. XI) and C3 and C4 from the cervical plexus

Question 98

What is the function of the trapezius?

Answer 98

the upper portion elevates, the middle portion retracts, and the lower portion depresses the scapula (also involved with scapulohumeral rhythm)

Question 99

Which vein drains the face and scalp, and also contains a large amount of cerebral blood?

Answer 99

external jugular vein

Question 100

What vein is formed immediately below the parotid gland?

Answer 100

external jugular vein

Question 101

What vein is formed by the union of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein?

Answer 101

external jugular vein

Question 102

What vein runs downward and backward along the lateral surface of the sternocleidomastoid, and empties into the subclavian vein?

Answer 102

external jugular vein

Question 103

What vein is the only vein superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 103

external jugular vein

Question 104

What are the 6 tributaries of the external jugular vein?

Answer 104

retromandibular vein, posterior auricular vein, posterior external jugular vein, anterior jugular vein, transverse cervical vein, and suprascapular vein

Question 105

What vein forms an arch at the jugular notch?

Answer 105

anterior jugular vein

Question 106

When venous pressure is normal, is the external jugular vein visible?

Answer 106

no, maybe barely

Question 107

What 2 conditions can cause the external jugular vein to become very prominent throughout its length?

Answer 107

congestive heart failure and obstruction of the superior vena cava

Question 108

What types of people can develop prominent external jugular veins, and why?

Answer 108

opera singers and bagpipe players due to increased intrathoracic pressure during singing or playing

Question 109

What structure is found along the external jugular vein, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 109

superficial cervical lymph node

Question 110

What triangle of the neck lies in front of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 110

anterior triangle

Question 111

What triangle of the neck lies behind the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 111

posterior triangle

Question 112

What are the 3 boundaries (anterior, posterior, and inferior) of the posterior triangle?

Answer 112

anterior boundary is the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid; posterior boundary is the anterior border of trapezius; inferior boundary is the superior border of the middle third of the clavicle

Question 113

Are the important visceral structures of the neck found in the anterior triangle?

Answer 113

yes

Question 114

Are the important visceral structures of the neck found in the posterior triangle?

Answer 114

no

Question 115

What are the 3 boundaries (superior, anterior, and posterior) of the anterior triangle?

Answer 115

superior boundary is the inferior border of the mandible, anterior boundary is the anterior midline, and posterior boundary is the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 116

What is the apex of the anterior triangle?

Answer 116

inferior at the jugular notch

Question 117

What is the roof of the anterior triangle formed by?

Answer 117

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, the superficial cervical fascia, and the platysma

Question 118

What are the 4 subdivisions of the anterior triangle?

Answer 118

submental triangle, submandibular (diagastric) triangle, carotid triangle, and muscular triangle

Question 119

What triangle is the only one of the anterior subdivisions which is unpaired?

Answer 119

submental triangle

Question 120

What are the 3 boundaries of the submental triangle?

Answer 120

left and right anterior bellies of diagastric, and the body of the hyoid bone

Question 121

What makes up the floor of the submental triangle?

Answer 121

mylohyoid muscle

Question 122

What are the 2 contents of the submental triangle?

Answer 122

minor veins and lymph nodes (submental lymph nodes)

Question 123

What are the 3 boundaries of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?

Answer 123

the inferior border of the mandible, the anterior belly of digastric, and the posterior belly of digastric

Question 124

What 2 muscles make up the floor of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?

Answer 124

mylohyoid and hyoglossus

Question 125

What are the 6 contents of the submandibular (digastric) triangle?

Answer 125

submandibular gland (one of the 3 major salivary glands along with the parotid and sublingual), the internal carotid artery, facial artery, internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX), and the vagus nerve (C.N. X)

Question 126

Which triangle should elicit caution when palpating or adjusting?

Answer 126

submandibular triangle

Question 127

What are the 3 boundaries of the carotid triangle?

Answer 127

posterior belly of digastric, superior belly of omohyoid, and anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 128

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

Answer 128

parts of the common and internal carotid arteries, the external carotid artery and 3 of its branches: the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery; also contained within the carotid triangle are the corresponding tributaries of the internal jugular vein: superior thyroid vein, lingual vein, and facial vein

Question 129

What are the 3 boundaries of the muscular triangle?

Answer 129

superior belly of omohyoid, anterior midline of the neck, and the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Question 130

What makes up the floor of the muscular triangle?

Answer 130

posterior layer of pretracheal fascia

Question 131

What are the 5 contents of the muscular triangle?

Answer 131

sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles, thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus

Question 132

What bone is located between the mandible and larynx, and serves as a point of attachment for many muscles?

Answer 132

hyoid bone

Question 133

Does the hyoid bone articulate with any other bones?

Answer 133

no

Question 134

What bone is often broken in strangulation?

Answer 134

hyoid bone

Question 135

What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?

Answer 135

body, greater horn, and lesser horn

Question 136

What part of the hyoid bone is the attachment point for the stylohyoid ligament?

Answer 136

lesser horn of the hyoid bone

Question 137

What are 4 ribbon-like muscles which attach to the hyoid bone?

Answer 137

infrahyoid muscles

Question 138

What muscles function primarily to move the hyoid bone and larynx?

Answer 138

infrahyoid muscles

Question 139

What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 139

omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid

Question 140

What 2 muscles make up the superficial layer of infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 140

omohyoid and sternohyoid

Question 141

What 2 muscles make up the deep layer of infrahyoid muscles?

Answer 141

sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

Question 142

What is the fibrous sling attached to the clavicle around its intermediate tendon?

Answer 142

omohyoid

Question 143

What is the origin of the omohyoid?

Answer 143

inferior belly of omohyoid originates from the upper border of the scapula; it ends in an intermediate tendon located deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle; the superior belly of omohyoid extends upward from this tendon

Question 144

What is the insertion of the omohyoid?

Answer 144

the body of the hyoid bone

Question 145

What is the nerve supply to the omohyoid?

Answer 145

ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)

Question 146

What is the function of the omohyoid?

Answer 146

depresses the hyoid bone and larynx

Question 147

What is the origin of the sternohyoid?

Answer 147

posterior surface of the manubrium, and the medial end of the clavicle

Question 148

What is the insertion of the sternohyoid?

Answer 148

the body of the hyoid bone

Question 149

What is the nerve supply to the sternohyoid?

Answer 149

ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)

Question 150

What is the function of the sternohyoid?

Answer 150

depresses the hyoid bone and larynx

Question 151

What is a fan-shaped muscle, deep to the sternohyoid?

Answer 151

sternothyroid

Question 152

What is the origin of the sternothyroid?

Answer 152

posterior surface of the manubrium, inferior to the origin of the sternohyoid

Question 153

What is the insertion of the sternothyroid?

Answer 153

the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

Question 154

What is the nerve supply to the sternothyroid?

Answer 154

ansa cervicalis (C1, C2, & C3)

Question 155

What is the function of the sternothyroid?

Answer 155

depresses the larynx

Question 156

What muscle is a continuation of sternothyroid?

Answer 156

thyrohyoid

Question 157

What is the origin of the thyrohyoid?

Answer 157

the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage

Question 158

What is the insertion of the thyrohyoid?

Answer 158

the body of the hyoid bone

Question 159

What is the nerve supply to the thyrohyoid?

Answer 159

C1 through hypoglossal nerve

Question 160

What is the function of the thyrohyoid?

Answer 160

depresses the hyoid bone

Question 161

What are the 4 functions of all the muscles to depress the hyoid bone and larynx?

Answer 161

swallowing, breathing, speech, and if hyoid is fixed, digastric depresses the mandible

Question 162

What is a dense, sheet-like layer of connective tissue?

Answer 162

fascia

Question 163

What surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck?

Answer 163

cervical fascia

Question 164

What are the 2 layers of cervical fascia?

Answer 164

superficial cervical fascia and deep cervical fascia

Question 165

What is a thin layer of connective tissue which encloses the platysma muscle and contains the cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, and lymph nodes?

Answer 165

superficial cervical fascia

Question 166

What are the lymph nodes contained within the superficial cervical fascia?

Answer 166

superficial cervical lymph nodes

Question 167

What are the 4 subdivisions of the deep cervical fascia?

Answer 167

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia, pretracheal fascia, prevertebral fascia, and carotid sheath

Question 168

What deep cervical fascia layer lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

Answer 168

investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

Question 169

What deep cervical fascia layer encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus?

Answer 169

pretracheal fascia

Question 170

What deep cervical fascia layer encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back?

Answer 170

prevertebral fascia

Question 171

What deep cervical fascia layer does the sympathetic trunk run through?

Answer 171

prevertebral fascia

Question 172

What deep cervical fascia layer is a cylinder of fascia which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck?

Answer 172

carotid sheath

Question 173

What 5 structures does the deep cervical fascia, carotid sheath, contain?

Answer 173

common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 174

What is the largest vein of the neck?

Answer 174

internal jugular vein

Question 175

What artery exits the carotid sheath before giving off its branches in the neck?

Answer 175

external carotid artery

Question 176

What’s function is to provide a slippery surface to reduce friction during gross movement of the head and neck, and swallowing?

Answer 176

fascial layers of the neck

Question 177

What is the chiropractic significance of the fascial layers of the neck?

Answer 177

adhesions can cause neck pain and may be treated with myofascial release

Question 178

What are the 2 clinical significances of the fascial layers of the neck?

Answer 178

they may serve as a channel for infection, for example the pretracheal fascia may allow an infection to spread from the head and neck to the mediastinum directly, and cancer involving the deep cervical lymph nodes can compress the internal jugular

Question 179

What deep cervical fascia may allow an infection spread from the head and neck to the mediastinum directly?

Answer 179

pretracheal fascia

Question 180

What is the opening through which structures of the neck pass into the thorax?

Answer 180

superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet)

Question 181

What are the 3 boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 181

1st thoracic vertebra, 1st ribs and their cartilages, and manubrium of sternum

Question 182

What shape is the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 182

kidney shaped

Question 183

What arteries pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 183

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, and internal thoracic artery

Question 184

What vein passes through the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 184

brachiocephalic vein

Question 185

What 4 nerves pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 185

phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and sympathetic trunk

Question 186

What 5 viscera structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 186

trachea, esophagus, cervical pleura (membrane that covers the lung), apex of the lung, and thymus

Question 187

What is the membrane that covers the lung located in the superior thoracic aperture?

Answer 187

cervical pleura

Question 188

What passes through the superior thoracic aperture immediately posterior to the origin of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 188

cervical pleura and apex of lung

Question 189

What could a broken 1st rib or penetrating wound of the neck result in?

Answer 189

atelectasis or “lung collapse”

Question 190

What part of the immune system produces T-lymphocytes?

Answer 190

thymus

Question 191

What happens to T-cells in the thymus throughout life, and what does this result in?

Answer 191

T-cells mature in the thymus throughout life, and as the thymus involutes (shrinks up and become fatty) gradually after puberty the result is reduced immune function in the elderly

Question 192

What is usually composed of 2 irregular lobes, and lies primarily behind the manubrium and body of the sternum?

Answer 192

thymus

Question 193

What commonly exhibits extensions into the neck around the front and sides of the trachea?

Answer 193

thymus

Question 194

How is the thymus positioned compared to the thyroid gland?

Answer 194

thymus lies inferiorly to the thyroid gland

Question 195

What 2 muscles lie anterior to the thymus and thyroid gland?

Answer 195

sternohyoid and sternothyroid

Question 196

What is the blood supply to the thymus?

Answer 196

internal thoracic artery

Question 197

What is the nerve supply to the thymus?

Answer 197

stellate ganglion of sympathetic trunk and vagus

Question 198

What is an endocrine organ which produces thyroxine and calcitonin?

Answer 198

thyroid gland

Question 199

What spinal level is the thyroid gland at?

Answer 199

CV5 - TV1

Question 200

What is the general shape of the thyroid gland?

Answer 200

H-shaped or U-shaped

Question 201

What are the 3 parts of the thyroid gland?

Answer 201

left lobe of the thyroid gland, right lobe of the thyroid gland, and isthmus (connects right lobe to left lobe) of the thyroid gland

Question 202

What percentage of thyroid glands have a pyramidal lobe, which extends upward from the isthmus as a finger of glandular tissue?

Answer 202

50%

Question 203

What common variation found associated with the thyroid gland connects the isthmus of the thyroid gland with the hyoid bone?

Answer 203

levator glandulae thyroideae muscle

Question 204

What 2 arteries provide the blood supply to the thyroid gland?

Answer 204

superior thyroid artery (from the external carotid artery) and inferior thyroid artery (from the thyrocervical trunk)

Question 205

What artery is an inconstant branch to the thyroid gland, from the brachiocephalic trunk?

Answer 205

thyroid ima artery

Question 206

What percentage of individuals have a thyroid ima artery?

Answer 206

10%

Question 207

What is the clinical signifcance of the thyroid ima artery?

Answer 207

may be damaged in a tracheotomy

Question 208

What 3 veins drain the blood from the thyroid gland?

Answer 208

superior thyroid vein (to the internal jugular vein) middle thyroid vein (to the internal jugular vein), and inferior thyroid vein (to the brachiocephalic vein)

Question 209

What is the nerve supply to the thyroid gland?

Answer 209

superior, middle, and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia

Question 210

What is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that produces swelling in the anterior neck?

Answer 210

goiter

Question 211

What type of goiter is due to dietary deficiency of iodine (necessary to produce thyroxine)?

Answer 211

endemic goiter

Question 212

In what type of goiter does the thyroid gland enlarge to increase output because the hormone is largely inactive?

Answer 212

endemic goiter

Question 213

What type of goiter has symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 213

endemic goiter

Question 214

What type of goiter is due to autoimmune disease?

Answer 214

exophthalmic goiter (Grave’s disease)

Question 215

In what type of goiter do thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins bind to receptor sites causing overactivity of the gland?

Answer 215

exophthalmic goiter (Grave’s disease)

Question 216

In what type of goiter is hormone active?

Answer 216

exophthalmic goiter (Grave’s disease)

Question 217

What type of goiter has symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 217

exophthalmic goiter (Grave’s disease)

Question 218

What type of goiter is also known as Grave’s disease?

Answer 218

exophthalmic goiter

Question 219

What nerve branches off of the vagus within the thorax, and then travels up into the neck to supply motor innervation to all but 1 of the laryngeal muscles?

Answer 219

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 220

What nerve, within the neck, lies first on the posterior surface of the thyroid lobe and then deep to the lobe?

Answer 220

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 221

What are glands which are involved in calcium homeostasis?

Answer 221

parathyroid glands

Question 222

Are the parathyroid glands essential to life?

Answer 222

yes

Question 223

What are small ovoid bodies located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

Answer 223

parathyroid gland

Question 224

How many parathyroid glands are there usually, and what are the other variations?

Answer 224

4, though the number varies from 2 to 6

Question 225

What are the 2 arteries that provide blood supply to the parathyroid glands?

Answer 225

inferior thyroid artery and superior thyroid artery

Question 226

What is the nerve supply to the parathyroid glands?

Answer 226

inferior or middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

Question 227

What are 3 factors contributing to the difficulty of thyroid surgery?

Answer 227

presence of parathyroid gland, vascularity, and presence of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 228

What spinal level does the trachea begin at?

Answer 228

CV6

Question 229

Within the thorax, what does the trachea split into?

Answer 229

left and right main bronchi

Question 230

What is the anatomical name for the “windpipe?”

Answer 230

trachea

Question 231

What supports the trachea’s walls?

Answer 231

a series of incomplete cartilaginous rings which are open posteriorly

Question 232

Which direction are the trachea’s cartilaginous rings open?

Answer 232

posteriorly

Question 233

What muscle spans the posterior gap of the trachea’s incomplete cartilaginous rings?

Answer 233

trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

Question 234

What type of muscle is the trachealis muscle?

Answer 234

smooth muscle

Question 235

What artery provides blood supply to the trachea?

Answer 235

inferior thyroid artery

Question 236

What is the nerve supply to the trachea?

Answer 236

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 237

What does the opening of the trachea allow?

Answer 237

expansion of esophagus during swallowing

Question 238

What is a muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach?

Answer 238

esophagus

Question 239

Where does the esophagus begin compared to the spine?

Answer 239

level of CV6

Question 240

How is the esophagus positioned compared to the trachea?

Answer 240

esophagus lies posterior to the trachea

Question 241

What are the main arteries of the head and neck?

Answer 241

left and right common carotid arteries

Question 242

The common carotid artery ascends within the ______ ______ to the ____ ________ where it splits into the ________ _______ artery and ________ _______ artery.

Answer 242

carotid sheath; carotid triangle; internal carotid; external carotid

Question 243

Which branch of the common carotid artery has no branches in the neck?

Answer 243

internal carotid artery

Question 244

Which branch of the carotid artery enters the skull through the carotid canal (in the temporal bone) to supply blood to the brain?

Answer 244

internal carotid artery

Question 245

What branch of the carotid artery is the main source of blood to the structures of the neck, face, and scalp (structures external to the skull)?

Answer 245

external carotid artery

Question 246

What are the 8 branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 246

superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, superficial temporal artery, and maxillary artery

Question 247

What branches of the external carotid artery have a palpable pulse?

Answer 247

facial artery and superficial temporal artery

Question 248

What are the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery?

Answer 248

superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery

Question 249

What is a slight dilation of the internal carotid artery where it joins the common carotid?

Answer 249

carotid sinus

Question 250

What part of the carotid artery is a baroreceptor (blood pressure sensor)?

Answer 250

carotid sinus

Question 251

What is the nerve supply to the carotid sinus?

Answer 251

carotid sinus nerve branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)

Question 252

What is a small reddish-brown mass located within or deep to the bifurcation of the common carotid artery?

Answer 252

carotid body

Question 253

What part of the carotid artery is a chemoreceptor which detects changes in the chemical makeup of the blood within the carotid?

Answer 253

carotid body

Question 254

What is the nerve supply to the carotid body?

Answer 254

carotid sinus nerve branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)

Question 255

What part of the carotid artery senses an increase in CO2 or decrease in O2 which then causes a reflex to increase rate and volume of ventilation?

Answer 255

carotid body

Question 256

What part of the carotid artery senses an increase in blood pressure resulting in a decrease in heart rate?

Answer 256

carotid sinus

Question 257

Is the internal jugular vein ever visible topographically?

Answer 257

no

Question 258

What are the 2 major veins of the neck?

Answer 258

external and internal jugular veins

Question 259

What is usually the largest vein of the neck?

Answer 259

internal jugular vein

Question 260

What vein begins at the jugular foramen as the direct continuation of the sigmoid sinus?

Answer 260

internal jugular vein

Question 261

Where does the internal jugular vein drain?

Answer 261

brachiocephalic vein

Question 262

What is the dilation of the internal jugular vein at its origin below the jugular foramen?

Answer 262

superior jugular bulb

Question 263

What are the 6 tributaries of the internal jugular vein?

Answer 263

inferior petrosal sinus, pharyngeal veins, facial vein, lingual vein, superior thyroid vein, and middle thyroid vein

Question 264

What is the dilation of the internal jugular vein near its termination into the brachiocephalic vein?

Answer 264

inferior jugular bulb

Question 265

What nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata and passes through the jugular foramen, along with the vagus and accessory nerves?

Answer 265

glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX)

Question 266

What are the 6 branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 266

tympanic nerve, branch to the carotid sinus, pharyngeal branch, branch to the stylopharyngeus, tonsillar branch, and lingual branch

Question 267

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to the tympanic cavity and secretomotor to the parotid gland?

Answer 267

tympanic nerve

Question 268

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) senses pain of otitis media?

Answer 268

tympanic nerve

Question 269

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to both the carotid sinus and carotid body?

Answer 269

branch to the carotid sinus

Question 270

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve unites with branches from the vagus and sympathetic trunk to form the pharyngeal plexus?

Answer 270

pharyngeal branch

Question 271

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to the pharynx?

Answer 271

pharyngeal branch

Question 272

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) senses pain in acute pharyngitis?

Answer 272

pharyngeal branch

Question 273

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is the afferent limb of the gag reflex?

Answer 273

pharyngeal branch

Question 274

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is the motor to the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 274

branch to the sytopharyngeus

Question 275

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) is sensory to the mucous membrane over the tonsil and to the soft palate?

Answer 275

tonsillar branch

Question 276

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) senses pain in tonsillitis?

Answer 276

tonsillar branch

Question 277

What branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (C.N. IX) supplies taste and general sensation to the posterior third of the tongue?

Answer 277

lingual branch

Question 278

What is the longest cranial nerve, with an extensive distribution in the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen?

Answer 278

vagus nerve (C.N. X)

Question 279

What does vagus mean?

Answer 279

wanderer

Question 280

What nerve emerges from the medulla oblongata, and exits the skull through the jugular foramen along with glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves?

Answer 280

vagus nerve (C.N. X)

Question 281

What are the vagus nerve’s 2 ganglia in the neck?

Answer 281

superior (jugular) ganglion and inferior (nodose ganglion)

Question 282

Are the 2 ganglia of the vagus nerve exclusively sensory?

Answer 282

yes

Question 283

Are the 2 ganglia of the vagus nerve exclusively motor?

Answer 283

no, they are exclusively sensory

Question 284

Which ganglia of the vagus nerve is located in the jugular foramen?

Answer 284

superior (jugular) ganglion

Question 285

What ganglia of the vagus nerve is big enough to look like a lymph node?

Answer 285

inferior (nodose) ganglion

Question 286

What are the 5 branches of the vagus nerve in the head and neck?

Answer 286

meningeal branch, auricular branch, pharyngeal branch, and superior laryngeal branch

Question 287

Which branch of the vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion and supplies the dura mater with sensory innervation?

Answer 287

meningeal branch

Question 288

What branch of the vagus nerve senses pain from cervicogenic headaches?

Answer 288

meningeal branch

Question 289

What branch of the vagus nerve arises from the superior ganglion and is sensory to the auricle, the floor of the external auditory meatus, and the tympanic membrane?

Answer 289

auricular branch

Question 290

What branch of the vagus nerve senses pain in ottis externa (swimmer’s ear)?

Answer 290

auricular branch

Question 291

What 2 branches of the vagus nerve arise from the superior ganglion?

Answer 291

meningeal branch and auricular branch

Question 292

What branch of the vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and is the chief motor nerve to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate?

Answer 292

pharyngeal branch

Question 293

What branch of vagus nerve has most of its fibers originate from the cranial part of the accessory nerve which then join up with the vagus?

Answer 293

pharyngeal branch

Question 294

What branch of the vagus nerve joins with branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve and sympathetic trunk, to form the pharyngeal plexus?

Answer 294

pharyngeal branch

Question 295

What plexus is motor to all of the muscles of the pharynx except for stylopharyngeus (innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve), and to all of the muscles of the soft palate except for tensor veli palatini (innervated by the trigeminal nerve)?

Answer 295

pharyngeal plexus

Question 296

What is the stylopharyngeus muscle innervated by?

Answer 296

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 297

What is the tensor veli palatini muscle innervated by?

Answer 297

trigeminal nerve

Question 298

What branch of the vagus nerve arises from the inferior ganglion and then divides into an internal and external branch?

Answer 298

superior laryngeal nerve

Question 299

What branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx superior to the true vocal folds?

Answer 299

internal laryngeal nerve

Question 300

What branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is motor to the cricothyroid and inferior constrictor muscles?

Answer 300

external laryngeal nerve

Question 301

What 2 branches of the vagus nerve arise from the inferior ganglion?

Answer 301

pharyngeal branch and superior laryngeal nerve

Question 302

What branch of the vagus nerve arises within the thorax and then ascends back into the neck in the groove between the trachea and esophagus, and is closely applied to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland?

Answer 302

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 303

What branch of the vagus nerve is sensory to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the true vocal folds, and to the trachea?

Answer 303

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 304

What is the most important function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus nerve?

Answer 304

motor to all of the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

Question 305

What branch of the vagus nerve is motor to all of the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid?

Answer 305

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 306

What clinical consequence of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in respiratory distress, hoarseness aka partial aphonia?

Answer 306

unilateral damage

Question 307

What clinical consequence of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in complete aphonia and may result in suffocation (due to spasm of the vocal cords)

Answer 307

bilateral damage

Question 308

What are the 4 causes of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus nerve?

Answer 308

trauma during thyroid surgery, goiter or thyroid tumor, lung tumor, and aortic aneurysm on the left side only

Question 309

What side does the aortic aneurysm have to be on in order to cause damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the vagus nerve?

Answer 309

left side only

Question 310

What are the 2 parts of the accessory nerve?

Answer 310

cranial part (originates from the medulla oblongata) and spinal part (originates from the sides of the spinal cord)

Question 311

What part of the accessory nerve originates from the medulla oblongata?

Answer 311

cranial part

Question 312

What part of the accessory nerve originates from the sides of the spinal cord?

Answer 312

spinal part

Question 313

The _____ part of the accessory nerve ascends through the foramen magnum and joins the _____ part for a short distance and both parts exit through the jugular foramen.

Answer 313

spinal; cranial

Question 314

What part of the accessory nerve joins the vagus just above the inferior vagal ganglion?

Answer 314

cranial part

Question 315

What part of the accessory nerve supplies the vagus with motor fibers that travel in the pharyngeal branch of the vagus to the muscles of the pharynx and the recurrent laryngeal nerve to the muscles of the larynx?

Answer 315

cranial part

Question 316

Which part of the accessory nerve is motor to the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

Answer 316

spinal part of the accessory nerve

Question 317

What nerve is the motor nerve to the tongue?

Answer 317

hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII)

Question 318

What nerve originates from the medulla oblongata, and exits the skull through the hypoglossal canal where it loops downward and forward, deep to the posterior belly and intermediate tendon of digastric muscle?

Answer 318

hypoglossal nerve (C.N. XII)

Question 319

While some of the fibers carried by the hypoglossal are proper to the nerve itself, others originate from where, which merely “hitch a ride” with hypoglossal?

Answer 319

cervical spinal nerves

Question 320

What are the 4 branches of the hypoglossal nerve?

Answer 320

meningeal branches, superior root of the ansa cervicalis, nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid, and lingual branches

Question 321

What branch of the hypoglossal nerve supplies the dura mater?

Answer 321

meningeal branches

Question 322

What branch of the hypoglossal nerve is involved with pain associated with cervicogenic headaches?

Answer 322

meningeal branches

Question 323

What branch of the hypoglossal consists mainly of C1 fibers, and unites with the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis (from C2 and C3) to form the ansa cervicalis, which is motor to the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid)?

Answer 323

superior root of the ansa cervicalis

Question 324

What branches of the hypoglossal consist of C1 fibers and are motor to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles?

Answer 324

nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

Question 325

What branch of the hypoglossal nerve is motor to the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 325

lingual branches

Question 326

Where does the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk begin?

Answer 326

base of the skull

Question 327

What is the cervical part of the sympathetic trunk continuous with?

Answer 327

thoracic part of the sympathetic trunk

Question 328

What fibers of the sympathetic trunk supply structures of the head and neck and originate from T1 to T3 and then travel up sympathetic trunk to 1 of several cervical ganglia where they synapse?

Answer 328

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 329

What fibers of the sympathetic trunk distribute from the ganglia to the blood vessels, smooth muscle, and glands of the head and neck?

Answer 329

postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 330

What are the 4 major branches of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?

Answer 330

superior cervical ganglion, middle cervical ganglion, vertebral ganglion, and cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

Question 331

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebrae 1 through 3, immediately below the base of the skull?

Answer 331

superior cervical ganglion

Question 332

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia supplies the heart?

Answer 332

superior cervical ganglion

Question 333

What are the 3 branches of the superior cervical ganglion?

Answer 333

internal carotid nerve, superior cervical cardiac nerve, and branch to the pharyngeal plexus

Question 334

What branch of the superior cervical ganglion is a relatively large nerve which accompanies the internal carotid artery into the skull?

Answer 334

internal carotid nerve

Question 335

What branch of the superior cervical ganglion supplies everything in the head with sympathetic innervation?

Answer 335

internal carotid nerve

Question 336

What is the superior cervical ganglion branch to the cardiac plexus?

Answer 336

superior cervical cardiac nerve

Question 337

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebra 6?

Answer 337

middle cervical ganglion

Question 338

What is the middle cervical ganglion branch to the cardiac plexus?

Answer 338

middle cervical cardiac nerve

Question 339

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia is variable and often fused with either the middle or inferior cervical ganglion?

Answer 339

vertebral ganglion

Question 340

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebra 7 and gives off a branch to the plexus along the vertebral artery?

Answer 340

vertebral ganglion

Question 341

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia is formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion to the 1st thoracic ganglion?

Answer 341

cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

Question 342

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia supplies the upper extremity with sympathetic innervation and the thymus?

Answer 342

cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

Question 343

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia lies at the level of cervical vertebra 7 through thoracic vertebra 1?

Answer 343

cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

Question 344

What branch of the cervical sympathetic ganglia is located posterior to the vertebral artery and anterior to the transverse process of cervical vertebra 7 and the neck of the 1st rib?

Answer 344

cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

Question 345

What is the cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion branch to the cardiac plexus?

Answer 345

inferior cervical cardiac nerve

Question 346

What is the nerve bundle which loops anterior to the subclavian artery, connecting the vertebral ganglion to the cervicothoracic ganglion?

Answer 346

ansa subclavia

Question 347

What is the largest and sturdiest facial bone?

Answer 347

mandible (lower jaw)

Question 348

What are the 6 parts of the mandible?

Answer 348

body, alveolar process, ramus, angle, condylar process, and coronoid process

Question 349

What is the large horizontal part of the mandible?

Answer 349

body

Question 350

What part of the mandible is the upper border of the body, containing the tooth sockets (alveoli)?

Answer 350

alveolar process

Question 351

What are the tooth sockets known as?

Answer 351

alveoli

Question 352

What is the vertically ascending part of the mandible?

Answer 352

ramus

Question 353

What part of the mandible is at the posterior terminus of the body?

Answer 353

angle

Question 354

What part of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 354

condylar process

Question 355

What part of the mandible is the area of attachment for muscles of mastication?

Answer 355

coronoid process

Question 356

What are the processes that come off of the ramus of the mandible?

Answer 356

condylar process and coronoid process

Question 357

What major cause of migraine headaches is a misalignment of the temporomandibular joint?

Answer 357

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome

Question 358

What are the 5 features of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible?

Answer 358

superior mental (genial) spine, inferior mental (genial) spine, digastric fossa, mylohyoid line, sublingual fossa, and submandibular fossa

Question 359

What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?

Answer 359

superior mental (genial) spine

Question 360

What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?

Answer 360

inferior mental (genial) spine

Question 361

What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the anterior belly of digastric?

Answer 361

digastric fossa

Question 362

What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle?

Answer 362

mylohyoid line

Question 363

What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the location of the sublingual salivary gland?

Answer 363

sublingual fossa

Question 364

What feature of the internal (lingual) surface of the mandible is the location of part of the submandibular gland?

Answer 364

submandibular fossa

Question 365

What is the origin of the digastric muscle?

Answer 365

posterior belly from the mastiod process, anterior belly from the digastric fossa

Question 366

What is the insertion of the digastric muscle?

Answer 366

both bellies “insert” into the hyoid bone by an intermediate tendon which connects them together; the intermediate tendon is strapped to the hyoid bone by a fibrous loop

Question 367

What is the nerve supply to the digastric muscle?

Answer 367

posterior belly by the cervical branch of the facial nerve (C.N. VII), anterior belly by the nerve to mylohyoid (C.N. V)

Question 368

What is the function of the digastric muscle?

Answer 368

elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible when hyoid is fixed

Question 369

What is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle?

Answer 369

mylohyoid line

Question 370

What is the insertion of the mylohyoid muscle?

Answer 370

body of hyoid bone, median raphe

Question 371

What is a seam where fibers come together and interweave?

Answer 371

raphe

Question 372

Wha is the nerve supply to the mylohyoid muscle?

Answer 372

nerve to mylohyoid (C.N. V)

Question 373

What is the function of the mylohyoid muscle?

Answer 373

elevates hyoid bone and floor of the mouth

Question 374

What is the origin of the geniohyoid muscle?

Answer 374

inferior mental spine

Question 375

What is the insertion of the geniohyoid muscle?

Answer 375

body of hyoid bone

Question 376

What is the nerve supply to the geniohyoid muscle?

Answer 376

C1 fibers through hypoglossal

Question 377

What is the function of the geniohyoid muscle?

Answer 377

elevates hyoid bone and tongue

Question 378

What is the largest muscle of the tongue?

Answer 378

genioglossus muscle

Question 379

What is the origin of the genioglossus muscle?

Answer 379

superior mental spine

Question 380

What is the insertion of the genioglossus muscle?

Answer 380

tip and entire undersurface of tongue

Question 381

What is the nerve supply to the genioglossus muscle?

Answer 381

hypoglossal nerve

Question 382

What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?

Answer 382

draws tongue forward, protrudes tip of tongue

Question 383

What is the origin of the hyoglossus muscle?

Answer 383

body and greater horn of hyoid bone

Question 384

What is the insertion of the hyoglossus muscle?

Answer 384

body and greater horn of hyoid bone (upper surface)

Question 385

What is the nerve supply to the hyoglossus muscle?

Answer 385

hypoglossal nerve

Question 386

What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?

Answer 386

draws tongue downward

Question 387

What muscle slip of the hyoglossus may take origin from the lesser horn of the hyoid bone?

Answer 387

chondroglossus

Question 388

What is the origin of the styloglossus muscle?

Answer 388

styloid process

Question 389

What is the insertion of the styloglossus muscle?

Answer 389

sides of the tongue

Question 390

What is the nerve supply to the styloglossus muscle?

Answer 390

hypoglossal nerve

Question 391

What is the function of the styloglossus muscle?

Answer 391

draws tongue upward and backward

Question 392

What muscle is pierced by the intermediate tendon of digastric?

Answer 392

stylohyoid muscle

Question 393

What is the origin of the stylohyoid muscle?

Answer 393

styloid process

Question 394

What is the insertion of the stylohyoid muscle?

Answer 394

body of hyoid bone

Question 395

What is the nerve supply to the stylohyoid muscle?

Answer 395

facial nerve

Question 396

What is the function of the stylohyoid muscle?

Answer 396

elevates hyoid bone and tongue

Question 397

What is one of the 3 paired salivary glands that wraps around the posterior border of the mylohyoid?

Answer 397

submandibular gland

Question 398

What are the 3 paired salivary glands?

Answer 398

submandibular, parotid, and sublingual

Question 399

What are the 2 parts of the submandibular gland?

Answer 399

superficial part and deep part

Question 400

What part of the submandibular gland is large and lies within the submandibular triangle and in the submandibular fossa?

Answer 400

superficial part

Question 401

What part of the submandibular gland is small and lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle?

Answer 401

deep part

Question 402

What duct is 5 cm long and opens into the oral cavity on the sublingual caruncle, located lateral to the frenulum of the tongue?

Answer 402

submandibular duct

Question 403

What is the innervation of the submandibular gland?

Answer 403

parasympathetic fibers form the facial nerve (C.N. VII) via the submandibular ganglion

Question 404

What is the smallest of the 3 major salivary glands?

Answer 404

sublingual gland

Question 405

What major salivary gland lies superior to the mylohyoid muscle, in the sublingual fossa?

Answer 405

sublingual gland

Question 406

What major salivary gland empties into the floor of the mouth by 12 short ducts, located along the sublingual fold?

Answer 406

sublingual gland

Question 407

What is the innervation of the sublingual gland?

Answer 407

parasympathetic fibers from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion

Question 408

What nerves are found associated with the mandible?

Answer 408

lingual, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal

Question 409

What blood vessels are found associated with the mandible?

Answer 409

lingual artery and vein, and facial artery and vein

Question 410

What 2 lymph nodes are associated with the mandible?

Answer 410

submandibular and submental lymph nodes

Question 411

What are the 4 functions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 411

provide an airway, olfaction, warming and moistening of inspired air, and cleansing of inspired air

Question 412

What extends from the nostrils (nares) anteriorly to the choanae (plane of choanae) posteriorly and divides into left and right chambers by the nasal septum?

Answer 412

nasal cavity

Question 413

What are the posterior apertures of the nasal cavity which open into the nasopharynx?

Answer 413

choanae

Question 414

What part of the external nose is the free end of the nose?

Answer 414

tip

Question 415

What part of the external nose connects the nose to the forehead?

Answer 415

root

Question 416

What part of the external nose are the nostrils?

Answer 416

nares

Question 417

What part of the external nose binds the nares laterally?

Answer 417

alae

Question 418

What are the 4 boundaries of the nasal cavity?

Answer 418

roof, floor, medial wall (nasal septum), and lateral wall

Question 419

What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal bone, frontal bone, cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and the body of the sphenoid bone?

Answer 419

roof

Question 420

What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone?

Answer 420

floor

Question 421

What does the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone together form?

Answer 421

hard palate

Question 422

What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the septal cartilage, perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the vomer?

Answer 422

medial wall (nasal septum)

Question 423

What condition is when the nasal septum does not lie in the median plane?

Answer 423

deviated septum

Question 424

When can a deviated septum cause breathing difficulties, and why?

Answer 424

severely deviated septum can touch the lateral wall and cause breathing difficulties

Question 425

Can a deviated septum exacerbate snoring?

Answer 425

yes

Question 426

What are the 3 causes of a deviated septum?

Answer 426

congenital malformation (least common), birth injury, and postnasal trauma (most common)

Question 427

What is the most common cause of deviated septum?

Answer 427

postnasal trauma

Question 428

What is the least common cause of deviated septum?

Answer 428

congenital malformation

Question 429

What boundary of the nasal cavity is formed by the nasal bone, frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone, ethmoid bone, inferior nasal concha, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, and medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone?

Answer 429

lateral wall

Question 430

What boundary of the nasal cavity is characterized by a series of projections termed conchae, which jut medially into the nasal cavity?

Answer 430

lateral wall

Question 431

What are the 3 conchae of the lateral wall?

Answer 431

superior nasal concha (of ethmoid bone), middle nasal concha (of ethmoid bone), and inferior nasal concha (a separate bone)

Question 432

Which 2 conchae are features of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 432

superior and middle nasal conchae

Question 433

Which concha is not a feature of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 433

inferior nasal concha

Question 434

What are the 2 functions of the nasal concha?

Answer 434

increase surface area (warming, moistening, cleaning air) and increase turbulence (increases olfaction and other 3 functions)

Question 435

What is a frequent anatomical variation among the nasal conchae?

Answer 435

there will be a highest nasal concha above the superior nasal concha which is also part of the ethmoid bone

Question 436

What is a small space located above and behind the superior nasal concha that receives the opening of the sphenoid sinus?

Answer 436

sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 437

What is a space below the superior nasal concha that receives the opening of the posterior ethmoidal cells?

Answer 437

superior meatus

Question 438

What is a space below the middle nasal concha that receives the openings of the frontal sinus (frontonasal duct or infundibulum), maxillary sinus, middle ethmoidal cells, and anterior ethmoidal cells?

Answer 438

middle meatus

Question 439

What is a rounded projection into the middle meatus that has middle ethmoidal cells open into it?

Answer 439

ethmoidal bulla

Question 440

What is a curved slit lying below the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus that has the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal cells, and maxillary sinus open into it?

Answer 440

hiatus semilunaris

Question 441

What is the space below the inferior nasal concha that receives the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?

Answer 441

inferior meatus

Question 442

What connects the lacrimal sac of the orbit to the nasal cavity and drains off excess tears?

Answer 442

nasolacrimal duct

Question 443

What is the area just inside each nostril that contains hair, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands?

Answer 443

nasal vestibule

Question 444

What is the lower two thirds of the nasal cavity known as?

Answer 444

respiratory region

Question 445

What is the superior nasal concha and the upper 1/3 of the nasal septum?

Answer 445

olfactory region

Question 446

What contains the fibers of the olfactory nerve (CN I) that give us our sense of smell and pass down through the cribriform plate?

Answer 446

olfactory region

Question 447

At what rate do people over 50 years of age lose olfactory receptor cells per year, and what can speed this up?

Answer 447

1% per year, cocaine use can speed this up

Question 448

What is a loss of olfaction?

Answer 448

anosmia

Question 449

Where is special sensory innervation of the nasal cavity from?

Answer 449

olfactory nerve (CN I)

Question 450

Where is general sensory innervation of the nasal cavity from?

Answer 450

branches of the maxillary and ophthalmic divisions of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Question 451

Where is autonomic innervation (both sympathetic and parasympathtic) of the nasal cavity from?

Answer 451

pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 452

Is the nasal cavity richly vascularized?

Answer 452

yes

Question 453

Is the nasal cavity poorly vascularized?

Answer 453

no

Question 454

What 2 branches are the primary blood supply to the nasal cavity?

Answer 454

sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery and anterior ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic artery

Question 455

What condition is common due to richness of blood supply?

Answer 455

epistaxis (nosebleed)

Question 456

What are the 2 forms of epistaxis (nosebleed)?

Answer 456

mild form and severe form

Question 457

Which form of epistaxis (nosebleed) involves small branches in or near the vestibule and is caused by minor trauma and/or low humidity?

Answer 457

mild form

Question 458

Which form of epistaxis (nosebleed) involves spurting arterial blood and results from rupture of the sphenopalatine artery at 1 of its major anastomoses, caused by major trauma?

Answer 458

severe form

Question 459

What 3 causes of epistaxis (nosebleed) can lead to both mild and severe forms?

Answer 459

hypertension, blood disorders, and cocaine abuse

Question 460

Where does lymph from the nasal cavity drain into?

Answer 460

deep cervical nodes

Question 461

What are the 2 possible reasons for the formation of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 461

Wolff’s law and decrease weight of skull

Question 462

What are cavities found within the bones of the face that develop as outgrowths of the nasal cavity and as a result, all of them open into the nasal cavity?

Answer 462

paranasal sinuses

Question 463

What openings into the nasal cavity facilitate drainage of the sinuses?

Answer 463

openings from the paranasal sinuses to the nasal cavity

Question 464

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

Answer 464

frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoidal sinuses

Question 465

What paranasal sinus lies in the frontal bone and opens into the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus via the frontonasal duct?

Answer 465

frontal sinus

Question 466

What is the most frequently prone sinus to infection because it is poorly drained due to its opening in a superior position?

Answer 466

maxillary sinus

Question 467

What is the largest of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 467

maxillary sinus

Question 468

What paranasal sinus lies within the maxilla on each side, lateral to the nasal cavity and inferior to the orbit, opens into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus?

Answer 468

maxillary sinus

Question 469

What is the only paranasal sinus which may be present at birth?

Answer 469

maxillary sinus

Question 470

What paranasal sinus lies within the body of the sphenoid bone, and opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

Answer 470

sphenoidal sinus

Question 471

What paranasal sinus consists of several groups of ethmoidal cells which lies within the ethmoid bone between the orbit and the nasal cavity?

Answer 471

ethmoidal sinus

Question 472

What are the 3 groups of ethmoidal cells inside of the ethmoidal sinus?

Answer 472

posterior ethmoidal cell (open into the superior meatus), middle ethmoidal cells (open into the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus), and anterior ethmoidal cells (open into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus)

Question 473

What ethmoidal cell opens into the superior meatus?

Answer 473

posterior ethmoidal cell

Question 474

What ethmoidal cell opens into the ethmoidal bulla within the middle meatus?

Answer 474

middle ethmoidal cell

Question 475

What ethmoidal cell opens into the hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus?

Answer 475

anterior ethmoidal cell

Question 476

What 6 areas can an infection of the nasal cavity spread to?

Answer 476

paranasal sinuses (sinusitis), nasopharynx (acute pharyngitis via choanae), lacrimal appartus and conjunctiva (conjunctivitis via nasolacrimal duct), middle ear (otitis media via pharyngotympanic tube), anterior cranial fossa (meningitis or brain abscess via cribriform plate), and mastoid air cells (mastoiditis via aditus from middle ear)

Question 477

What does cerebrospinal fluid dripping through the nose indicate damage to?

Answer 477

damage to the cribriform plate (halo sign)

Question 478

What is a sign that there is damage to the cribriform plate?

Answer 478

halo sign

Question 479

What are the 5 boundaries of the oral cavity?

Answer 479

roof, floor, anterior and lateral, and posterior

Question 480

What boundary of the oral cavity consists of the palate?

Answer 480

roof

Question 481

What boundary of the oral cavity consist of the tongue and oral mucosa, supported by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles?

Answer 481

floor

Question 482

What boundary of the oral cavity consists of the lips and cheeks?

Answer 482

anterior and lateral boundaries

Question 483

What boundary of the oral cavity consists of the oropharyngeal isthmus, demarcated by the palatoglossal arch?

Answer 483

posterior boundary

Question 484

What are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?

Answer 484

oral vestibule and oral cavity proper

Question 485

What portion of the oral cavity lies between the lips and gums, or cheeks and gums; in other words, the portion of the oral cavity external to the tooth rows?

Answer 485

oral vestibule

Question 486

What are the 2 openings into the oral vestibule?

Answer 486

labial glands (small salivary glands) and parotid duct (opens lateral to the maxillary 2nd molar within the vestibule)

Question 487

What opening into the oral vestibule are small salivary glands?

Answer 487

labial glands

Question 488

What opening into the oral vestibule opens lateral to the maxillary 2nd molar within the vestibule?

Answer 488

parotid duct

Question 489

What portion of the oral cavity lies internal to the tooth rows?

Answer 489

oral cavity proper

Question 490

What are the 2 mobile musculofibrous folds which bind the opening of the mouth?

Answer 490

lips and cheeks

Question 491

What represents the fusion of the 2 sides of the maxilla?

Answer 491

philtrum

Question 492

What is the median groove seen externally which extends from the nose to the vermilion border of the upper lip?

Answer 492

philtrum

Question 493

What are the 2 median folds each lip is connected to the corresponding gum by?

Answer 493

frenulum of the upper lip and frenulum of the lower lip

Question 494

What muscle and gland do the lips contain?

Answer 494

orbicularis oris muscle and labial gland

Question 495

What muscle and gland do the cheeks contain?

Answer 495

buccinator muscle and buccal glands (which are similar to the labial glands of the lips)

Question 496

What forms both the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity and is arches both transversely and anteroposteriorly?

Answer 496

palate

Question 497

What are the 2 parts of the palate?

Answer 497

hard palate (forms the anterior 2/3 of the palate) and soft palate (forms the posterior 1/3 of the palate)

Question 498

What part of the palate forms the anterior 2/3?

Answer 498

hard palate

Question 499

What part of the palate forms the posterior 1/3?

Answer 499

soft palate

Question 500

What forms a bony partition between the nasal and oral cavities?

Answer 500

hard palate

Question 501

What 2 palatine bones does the hard palate consist of?

Answer 501

palatine process of the maxilla (anteriorly) and horizontal plate of the palatine bone (posteriorly)

Question 502

What bone does the hard palate consist of anteriorly?

Answer 502

palatine process of the maxilla

Question 503

What bone does the hard palate consist of posteriorly?

Answer 503

horizontal plate of the palatine bone

Question 504

What are the 3 foramina in the hard palate?

Answer 504

incisive foramen, greater palatine foramen, and lesser palatine foramen

Question 505

What 2 foramina in the hard palate transmit nerves and vessels of the same name?

Answer 505

greater palatine foramen and lesser palatine foramen

Question 506

What covers the hard palate and presents a palatine raphe which ends anteriorly in the incisive papilla?

Answer 506

mucoperiosteum

Question 507

What extends laterally within the mucoperiosteum and aids in gripping food against the tongue during mastication?

Answer 507

transverse palatine folds

Question 508

What is a mobile fibromuscular fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate?

Answer 508

soft palate

Question 509

What is elevated during swallowing to close the opening between the nasopharynx above and the oropharynx below?

Answer 509

soft palate

Question 510

What are the 2 lateral arches that the soft palate is continuous with?

Answer 510

palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch

Question 511

What is the palatoglossal arch made up of superficially?

Answer 511

palatoglossal fold

Question 512

What is the palatoglossal arch made up of deep to the fold?

Answer 512

palatoglossus muscle

Question 513

What is the palatopharyngeal arch made up of superficially?

Answer 513

palatopharyngeal fold

Question 514

What is the palatopharyngeal arch made up of deep to the fold?

Answer 514

palatopharyngeus muscle

Question 515

What is the median projection of the soft palate?

Answer 515

uvula

Question 516

What lies between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches on each side and contains the palatine tonsil?

Answer 516

tonsillar fossa

Question 517

What are the 3 muscles of the soft palate?

Answer 517

musculus uvulae, levator veli palatini, and tensor veli palatini

Question 518

What is the origin of the musculus uvulae?

Answer 518

posterior nasal spine

Question 519

What is the insertion of the musculus uvulae?

Answer 519

mucous membrane of uvula

Question 520

What is the nerve supply to the musculus uvulae?

Answer 520

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Question 521

What is the function of the musculus uvulae?

Answer 521

elevates the uvula

Question 522

What is the origin of the levator veli palatini?

Answer 522

inferior surface of temporal bone

Question 523

What is the insertion of the levator veli palatini?

Answer 523

aponeurosis of soft palate

Question 524

What is the nerve supply to the leavtor veli palatini?

Answer 524

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Question 525

What is the function of the levator veli palatini?

Answer 525

elevates the soft palate

Question 526

What is the origin of the tensor veli palatini?

Answer 526

scaphoid fossa of the medial pterygoid plate

Question 527

What is the insertion of the tensor veli palatini?

Answer 527

the tendon winds around the pterygoid hamulus and inserts into the aponeurosis

Question 528

What is the nerve supply to the tensor veli palatini?

Answer 528

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Question 529

What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

Answer 529

tenses soft palate, opens pharyngotypmanic tube

Question 530

The loss of tonus in what muscles can lead to snoring?

Answer 530

muscles of the soft palate

Question 531

What is the innervation of the hard palate?

Answer 531

greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves

Question 532

What is the innervation of the soft palate?

Answer 532

lesser palatine nerve

Question 533

What is the blood supply to the hard palate?

Answer 533

greater palatine artery (from maxillary)

Question 534

What is the blood supply to the soft palate?

Answer 534

lesser palatine and facial arteries

Question 535

Damage to what nerve causes uvula to deviate to the right due to paralysis of the musculus uvulae of the left side?

Answer 535

damage to the left vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 536

Damage to what nerve causes uvula to deviate to the left due to paralysis of the musculus uvulae of the right side?

Answer 536

damage to the right vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 537

What is a muscular organ which is attached to the hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process, palate, and pharynx by muscles?

Answer 537

tongue

Question 538

What are the 4 functions of the tongue?

Answer 538

taste, mastication, swallowing, and speech

Question 539

What are the 5 parts of the tongue?

Answer 539

apex, margin, dorsum, inferior surface, and root

Question 540

What part of the tongue rests against incisor teeth?

Answer 540

apex

Question 541

What part of the tongue rests against teeth and gums on each side?

Answer 541

margin

Question 542

What part of the tongue is the upper surface of the tongue?

Answer 542

dorsum

Question 543

What part of the tongue is the lower surface of the tongue?

Answer 543

inferior surface

Question 544

What part of the tongue is the attached base of the tongue?

Answer 544

root

Question 545

What part of the tongue lies partly in the oral cavity and partly in the oropharynx?

Answer 545

dorsum

Question 546

What is a V shaped groove which divides the tongue into the oral part (anterior 2/3) and oropharyngeal part (posterior 1/3)?

Answer 546

sulcus terminalis

Question 547

What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Answer 547

oral part

Question 548

What is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 548

oropharyngeal part

Question 549

What is a foramen located at the apex of the V of sulcus terminalis?

Answer 549

foramen cecum

Question 550

What is the remnant of the embryonic thyroglossal duct?

Answer 550

foramen cecum

Question 551

What condition is found at the midline of the neck and occurs when the thyroglossal duct does not obliterate?

Answer 551

thyroglossal cyst

Question 552

What is a shallow groove visible on the surface of the tongue?

Answer 552

median groove/sulcus

Question 553

What are the 4 lingual papillae?

Answer 553

filiform papillae, fungiform papillae, vallate papillae, and foliate papillae

Question 554

What lingual papillae allows us to grip food and is the reason for the “sandpaper” feeling of a cats tongue?

Answer 554

filiform papillae

Question 555

What lingual papillae are conical projections with sharply pointed tips?

Answer 555

filiform papillae

Question 556

What lingual papillae do not contain taste buds and have general sensory receptors only?

Answer 556

filiform papillae

Question 557

What lingual papillae are mushroom shaped, and contain taste buds?

Answer 557

fungiform papillae

Question 558

What lingual papillae do not contain taste buds and have general sensory receptors only?

Answer 558

filiform papillae

Question 559

What lingual papillae are mushroom shaped, and contain taste buds?

Answer 559

fungiform papillae

Question 560

What lingual papillae are the largest of the lingual papillae, arrange in a V shaped row in front of the sulcus terminalis, and contain taste buds?

Answer 560

vallate papillae

Question 561

What part of the dorsum of the tongue faces posteriorly?

Answer 561

oropharyngeal part

Question 562

What is a mass of lymphoid tissue found on the oropharyngeal surface of the tongue?

Answer 562

lingual tonsils

Question 563

Do the lingual tonsils get more problems than the palatine tonsils?

Answer 563

no

Question 564

Do the palatine tonsils get more problems than the lingual tonsils?

Answer 564

yes

Question 565

What are the 2 folds that connect the tongue to the epiglottis?

Answer 565

median glossoepiglottic fold and lateral glossoepiglottic fold

Question 566

What is the space on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold?

Answer 566

vallecula

Question 567

What is connected to the floor of the mouth by the frenulum of the tongue?

Answer 567

inferior surface of the tongue

Question 568

What condition occurs in some infants, where the frenulum of the tongue is short superior to inferior and long anterior to posterior, extending to near the apex of the tongue?

Answer 568

ankloglossia

Question 569

What condition is where the tongue is strapped to the floor of the mouth, impeding speech?

Answer 569

ankloglossia

Question 570

Why is ankloglossia not as much of an issue after infancy?

Answer 570

the frenulum usually grows during the 1st year of life

Question 571

What part of the tongue is anchored to the floor of the oral cavity?

Answer 571

root of the tongue

Question 572

Where do nerves, vessels, and extrinsic muscles enter or leave the tongue through?

Answer 572

through the root

Question 573

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 573

genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus

Question 574

What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) originate somewhere and insert of the tongue?

Answer 574

extrinsic muscles

Question 575

What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) originate and insert within the tongue?

Answer 575

intrinsic muscles

Question 576

What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

Answer 576

intrinsic muscles

Question 577

What type of tongue muscles (extrinsic or intrinsic) change the shape of the tongue?

Answer 577

intrinsic muscles

Question 578

What is the origin of the palatoglossus?

Answer 578

soft palate

Question 579

What is the insertion of the palatoglossus?

Answer 579

sides of the tongue

Question 580

What is the nerve supply to the palatoglossus?

Answer 580

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Question 581

What is the function of the palatoglossus?

Answer 581

elevates back of tongue

Question 582

Are all of the extrinsic muscles innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?

Answer 582

no, all but palatoglossus (vagus nerve CN X) are

Question 583

What extrinsic muscle of the tongue pulls the tongue forward?

Answer 583

genioglossus

Question 584

What extrinsic muscle of the tongue prevents it from falling backwards, blocking the airway and potentially leading to suffocation?

Answer 584

genioglossus

Question 585

When is the function of the genioglossus muscle particularly important?

Answer 585

during general anesthesia and in seizure disorders

Question 586

What is the general sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

Answer 586

through the lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V)

Question 587

What is the taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

Answer 587

through the chorda tympani, a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)

Question 588

What is the general sensation and taste of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue innervated by?

Answer 588

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), a few taste buds on epiglottis sensed through the vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 589

What nerve is involved with initiation of gag reflex because its fibers from vallate papillae cross the sulcus terminalis?

Answer 589

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 590

What is the arterial blood supply to the tongue?

Answer 590

lingual artery (from external carotid)

Question 591

What is the veinal blood supply from the tongue?

Answer 591

lingual vein (to internal jugular)

Question 592

What lymph nodes are associated with the tongue?

Answer 592

deep cervical nodes

Question 593

What is the function of the teeth?

Answer 593

to break down food material during mastication, in order to increase its surface area to facilitate enzymatic activity and absorption

Question 594

What are the 4 structures of the teeth?

Answer 594

enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum

Question 595

What structure of the teeth is the hardest substance in the human body and covers the crown?

Answer 595

enamel

Question 596

What structure of the teeth is internal to the enamel?

Answer 596

dentin

Question 597

What structure of the teeth fills the central cavity of the tooth and contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, which enter it through a foramen at the apex of the root?

Answer 597

pulp

Question 598

What structure of the teeth is a bone-like substance which covers the root, and part of the periodontium (attachment system for teeth)?

Answer 598

cementum

Question 599

What are the 3 parts of the teeth?

Answer 599

crown, neck, and root

Question 600

What part of the teeth projects above the gingivae (gums) and is covered by enamel?

Answer 600

crown

Question 601

What part of the teeth is the junction between the crown and root?

Answer 601

neck

Question 602

What part of the teeth is embedded in the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, and is covered with cementum?

Answer 602

root

Question 603

What are specialized oral mucosa which surrounds the teeth and covers adjacent alveolar bone?

Answer 603

gingivae (gums)

Question 604

What lingual papillae senses bitter taste and can trigger gag reflex as a survival mechanism?

Answer 604

vallate papillae

Question 605

What lingual papillae are grooves and ridges along the margin of the tongue, poorly developed in humans and contains sour taste buds?

Answer 605

foliate papillae

Question 606

What type of teeth are single rooted chisel-shaped teeth which are used for cutting?

Answer 606

incisors

Question 607

What type of teeth are single rooted, pointed teeth which are used for puncturing and tearing?

Answer 607

canines

Question 608

What type of teeth are single or double rooted teeth with broad chewing surfaces which are used for grinding?

Answer 608

premolars

Question 609

What type of teeth are multiple rooted teeth with very broad chewing surfaces which are used for grinding?

Answer 609

molars

Question 610

Why are the 3rd molars called wisdom teeth?

Answer 610

they erupt around 17-21 years of age when one is supposed to have gained “wisdom”

Question 611

Why do wisdom teeth often become impacted?

Answer 611

due to dental crowding which is a modern problem due to a softer diet (we’re a bunch of weak toothed pansies now, and personally I blame rap music)

Question 612

What surface of teeth is side facing the lip or buccal surface in incisors and canines only; and side facing the cheek in premolars and molars only?

Answer 612

labial surface

Question 613

What surface of teeth is the side facing the tongue?

Answer 613

lingual surface

Question 614

What surface of teeth is the side facing anteriorly or toward the midline?

Answer 614

mesial surface

Question 615

What surface of teeth is the side facing posteriorly or away from the midline?

Answer 615

distal surface

Question 616

What surface of teeth is the chewing surface?

Answer 616

occlusal surface

Question 617

What are the 2 sets of teeth?

Answer 617

deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent (adult) teeth

Question 618

Which set of teeth are larger, whiter, sturdier, and have thicker enamel than the deciduous teeth?

Answer 618

permanent teeth

Question 619

Which set of teeth have 2 incisors, 1 canine, and 2 molars in each quadrants for a total of 20?

Answer 619

deciduous teeth

Question 620

Which set of teeth have 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each quadrant, for a total of 32?

Answer 620

permanent teeth

Question 621

Which teeth are innervated by superior alveolar branches from the maxillary division of the trigeminal (CN V)?

Answer 621

maxillary teeth

Question 622

Which teeth are innervated by inferior alveolar nerve from the mandibular division of the trigeminal (CN V)?

Answer 622

mandibular teeth

Question 623

What is the difference neurologically between a tooth ache and trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer 623

tooth ache affects 1 tooth, whereas trigeminal neuralgia affects the whole row

Question 624

What is the common pathway for food and air?

Answer 624

pharynx

Question 625

What conducts food to the esophagus and air to the larynx and is considered to be part of both the digestive and respiratory systems?

Answer 625

pharynx

Question 626

What is a funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 626

pharynx

Question 627

What lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx?

Answer 627

pharynx

Question 628

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 628

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Question 629

What part of the pharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity?

Answer 629

nasopharynx

Question 630

What part of the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity?

Answer 630

oropharynx

Question 631

What part of the pharynx is posterior to the larynx?

Answer 631

laryngopharynx

Question 632

What vertebra level does the nasopharynx lie at?

Answer 632

CV1

Question 633

What part of the pharynx communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae and with the oropharynx through the pharyngeal isthmus?

Answer 633

nasopharynx

Question 634

What part of the nasopharynx is closed during swallowing?

Answer 634

pharyngeal isthmus

Question 635

What are the 4 boundaries of the nasopharynx?

Answer 635

superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior

Question 636

What is the superior boundary of the nasopharynx?

Answer 636

roof of the pharynx

Question 637

What is the inferior boundary of the nasopharynx?

Answer 637

soft palate

Question 638

What is the anterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

Answer 638

posterior border of the inferior nasal concha

Question 639

What is the posterior boundary of the nasopharynx?

Answer 639

posterior wall of the pharynx

Question 640

What are embedded in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx?

Answer 640

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Question 641

What are the 2nd most commonly removed tonsils?

Answer 641

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

Question 642

What is the clinical significance of the pharyngeal tonsil?

Answer 642

may become enlarged, causing difficulty breathing through the nose

Question 643

What opens into the lateral wall of the nasopharynx and is limited above by a cartilaginous structure called the torus tubarius (tubal elevation)?

Answer 643

pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Question 644

What connects the nasopharynx with the middle ear (tympanic cavity)?

Answer 644

pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Question 645

What equalizes pressure between the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity?

Answer 645

pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

Question 646

What is a small tonsil which lies immediately behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tube and embedded in the torus levatorious?

Answer 646

tubal tonsil

Question 647

What is a fold which descends from the torus tubarius to the wall of the pharynx?

Answer 647

salpingopharyngeal fold

Question 648

What is deep to the salpingopharyngeal fold within the wall of the pharynx?

Answer 648

salpingopharyngeus muscle

Question 649

What vertebral level does the oropharynx lie at?

Answer 649

C2-3

Question 650

What are the 4 boundaries of the oropharynx?

Answer 650

superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior

Question 651

What is the superior boundary of the oropharynx?

Answer 651

soft palate

Question 652

What is the inferior boundary of the oropharynx?

Answer 652

superior border of the epiglottis

Question 653

What is the anterior boundary of the oropharynx?

Answer 653

palatoglossal fold

Question 654

What is the posterior boundary of the oropharynx?

Answer 654

posterior wall of the pharynx

Question 655

What communicates with the oral cavity through the oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus of fauces), which is bounded by the palatoglossal folds?

Answer 655

oropharynx

Question 656

How does the oropharynx communicate with the oral cavity?

Answer 656

oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus of fauces)

Question 657

What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?

Answer 657

palatine tonsils

Question 658

What are the 2 folds located in the oropharynx?

Answer 658

palatoglossal fold and palatopharyngeal fold

Question 659

What fold of the oropharynx goes from the soft palate to the tongue, and deep to the fold is the palatoglossus?

Answer 659

palatoglossal fold

Question 660

What fold of the oropharynx goes from the soft palate to the wall of the pharynx, and deep to the fold is the palatopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 660

palatopharyngeal fold

Question 661

What is the space between the palatoglossal fold and palatopharyngeal fold?

Answer 661

tonsillar fossa

Question 662

What are the most frequently removed tonsils during childhood?

Answer 662

palatine tonsils

Question 663

What is the circular arrangement of tonsils around the oropharynx formed by the lingual, palatine, tubal, and pharyngeal tonsils?

Answer 663

tonsillar ring

Question 664

What is the 1st line of defense against infection through the mouth?

Answer 664

tonsillar ring

Question 665

What are the 4 boundaries (superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior) of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 665

superior boundary: superior border of the epiglottis
inferior boundary: lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it joins the esophagus
anterior boundary: the posterior surface of the larynx
posterior boundary: the posterior wall of the pharynx

Question 666

What is the superior boundary of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 666

superior border of the epiglottis

Question 667

What is the inferior boundary of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 667

lower border of the cricoid cartilage where it joins the esophagus

Question 668

What is the anterior boundary of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 668

posterior surface of the larynx

Question 669

What is the posterior boundary of the laryngopharynx?

Answer 669

posterior wall of the pharynx

Question 670

What is the opening into the larynx and is found within the laryngopharynx?

Answer 670

laryngeal inlet

Question 671

What is bounded laterally by the areyepiglottic folds and inferiorly by the interarytenoid notch?

Answer 671

laryngeal inlet

Question 672

What is a recess in the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx, located on either side of the laryngeal inlet?

Answer 672

piriform fossa (recess)

Question 673

What creates a channel for passage of food around the laryngeal inlet?

Answer 673

piriform fossa (recess)

Question 674

What is a common condition that individuals with deep piriform fossa (recess) have?

Answer 674

halitosis

Question 675

What part of the laryngopharynx do foreign objects such as fish bones frequently become lodged in?

Answer 675

piriform fossa (recess)

Question 676

What are the 2 layers of muscles of the pharynx?

Answer 676

external (circular) layer and longitudinal layer

Question 677

What layer of muscles of the pharynx insert on the pharyngeal raphe?

Answer 677

external (circular) layer

Question 678

What are the 3 muscles of the external (circular) layer of pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 678

inferior constrictor muscle, middle constrictor muscle, and superior constrictor muscle

Question 679

What is the origin of the inferior constrictor muscle?

Answer 679

cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

Question 680

What is the insertion of the inferior constrictor muscle?

Answer 680

pharyngeal raphe

Question 681

What is the nerve supply to the inferior constrictor muscle?

Answer 681

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus and external laryngeal nerve

Question 682

What is the function of the inferior constrictor muscle?

Answer 682

contracts the pharynx during swallowing

Question 683

What is the origin of the middle constrictor muscle?

Answer 683

greater and lesser horns of the hyoid bone

Question 684

What is the insertion of the middle constrictor muscle?

Answer 684

pharyngeal raphe

Question 685

What is the nerve supply to the middle constrictor muscle?

Answer 685

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Question 686

What is the origin of the superior constrictor muscle?

Answer 686

medial pterygoid plate, alveolar part of mandible, and side of tongue

Question 687

What is the insertion of the superior constrictor muscle?

Answer 687

pharyngeal raphe

Question 688

What is the nerve supply to the superior constrictor muscle?

Answer 688

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Question 689

What is the function of the superior constrictor muscle?

Answer 689

contracts the pharynx during swallowing

Question 690

What is specialized band of muscle formed by the superior constrictor which helps to seal the pharyngeal isthmus during swallowing?

Answer 690

palatopharyngeal sphincter

Question 691

What are the 3 muscles of the longitudinal layer of pharyngeal muscles?

Answer 691

stylopharyngeus muscle, palatopharyngeus muscle, and salpingopharyngeus muscle

Question 692

What is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 692

styloid process

Question 693

What is the insertion of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 693

thyroid cartilage, some fibers blend with those of the constrictors

Question 694

What is the nerve supply to the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 694

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 695

What is the function of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 695

elevates pharynx

Question 696

What 2 muscles work together to open the pharyngotympanic tube?

Answer 696

salpingopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini

Question 697

What is the origin of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 697

soft palate

Question 698

What is the insertion of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 698

wall of the pharynx, thyroid cartilage

Question 699

What is the nerve supply to the palatopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 699

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Question 700

What is the function of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 700

elevates pharynx, narrows oropharynx

Question 701

What is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 701

torus tubarius and opening of pharyngotympanic tube

Question 702

What is the insertion of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 702

wall of pharynx

Question 703

What is the nerve supply to the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 703

vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus

Question 704

What is the function of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 704

elevates the pharynx, opens pharyngotympanic tube

Question 705

Which 2 muscles’ fibers blend together within the wall of the pharynx?

Answer 705

palatophayngeus and salpingopharyngeus

Question 706

What is a network of nerves which lies on the middle constrictor formed by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X), pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX), and sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion?

Answer 706

pharyngeal plexus

Question 707

Which branch of the pharyngeal plexus carries motor fibers which originate from the cranial part of the accessory nerve?

Answer 707

pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X)

Question 708

Which branch of the pharnygeal plexus is motor to all of the muscles of the pharynx except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Answer 708

pharyngeal branch of the vagus

Question 709

All of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus (CN X) except for what muscle, and what is it innervated by?

Answer 709

stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Question 710

What branch of the phayrngeal plexus is sensory to the mucosa of the pharynx?

Answer 710

pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Question 711

What are the 2 arteries of the pharynx?

Answer 711

ascending pharyngeal artery and maxillary artery

Question 712

What is a layer of fascia which surrounds the pharynx external to the muscles of the pharynx, and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia below?

Answer 712

buccopharyngeal fascia

Question 713

What is a layer of fascia which lies internal to the muscles and external to the mucosa of the pharynx?

Answer 713

pharyngobasilar fascia

Question 714

What is a potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia (or pretracheal fascia) and the prevertebral fascia, and it extends downward into the thorax and permits free movement of the pharynx and esophagus during swallowing?

Answer 714

retropharyngeal space

Question 715

What injury may cause the posterior wall of the pharynx to balloon forward, potentially leading to suffocation?

Answer 715

hemorrhage from cervical trauma or abscess from pharyngeal infection into the retropharyngeal space

Question 716

What must you look for, in radiology, in patients with cervical trauma or pharyngeal abscess?

Answer 716

widening of the retropharyngeal space

Question 717

What is a complex neuromuscular act which occurs in 4 stages?

Answer 717

swallowing (deglutition)

Question 718

During the 1st stage of swallowing (deglutition), the ______ moves the bolus (food mass) back into the _____________ _______.

Answer 718

tongue; oropharyngeal isthmus

Question 719

During the 2nd stage of swallowing (deglutition), the ____________ and ______________ muscles squeeze the bolus back into the _______. At the same time, the _______ ____ _______ and _______ ____ _______ muscles elevate the soft palate to close off the ________ ______.

Answer 719

palatoglossus; palatopharyngeus; oropharynx; levator veli palatini; tensor veli palatini; pharyngeal isthmus

Question 720

What condition is a difficulty swallowing?

Answer 720

dysphagia

Question 721

During the 4th stage of swallowing (deglutition), ______________, ______________, and ______________ elevate the walls of the pharynx. At the same time, the __________ muscles elevate the hyoid bone and the larynx under the bulge of the tongue, which flexes the epiglottis back over the _________ ______.

Answer 721

stylopharyngeus; palatopharyngeus; salpingopharyngeus; suprahyoid; laryngeal inlet

Question 722

During the 5th stage of swallowing (deglutition), the ________, ________, and ________ ________ muscles contract in sequence, to move the food through the ________ and ________ and into the esophagus. ________ then propels it downward to the stomach.

Answer 722

superior; middle; inferior constrictor; oropharynx; laryngopharynx; peristalsis