Exam 1

Question 1

Malthus as inspiration to Darwin

Answer 1

Malthus wrote the Principal of Population and explained that there will never be enough resources for every single species. Inspired Darwin to believe that the most adaptive will survive by natural selection. Natural selection: an increase in adaptive traits over time.

Question 2

Compare stem cells vs differentiatied

Answer 2

Stem cells: can become any other cell.

Differentiated cells: can’t become any other cell and only has one job.

Question 3

Functions of mitochondria and ribosomes

Answer 3

Mitochondria: power house.

Ribosomes: protein maker & synthesize proteins(I.e. Structural proteins, hormonal proteins, defensive proteins).

Question 4

Structural components of DNA:

Answer 4

deoxyribose, phosphates, adenine, cytosine, thymine, phosphine

Question 5

Prophase mitosis and meiosis

Answer 5

Prophase of mitosis: membrane dissolving

Prophase of meiosis: crossing over occurs

Question 6

Proteins involved in DNA replication

Answer 6

Helicase- breaks down hydrogen bonds (cytosine, thymine, adenine, phosphine)

SSB-holds strands apart

DNA polymerase- enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides

DNA Primase- makes primer for DNA polymerase

Question 7

Simple DNA transcription

Answer 7

Transcription: first step of gene expression, a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA(mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

mRNA opens up the strand

Question 8

Functions of regulator genes with example

Answer 8

Special genes responsible for controlling the expression of other genes.

Ex) eyeless gene. Turns genes “on and off”

Question 9

3 necessary components for natural selection to occur

Answer 9

Variation, inheritance, differential reproductive success

Question 10

Examples of adaptation

Answer 10

Hiding and camouflage: to avoid getting eaten

Question 11

Define point mutation

Answer 11

Single base mutation that’s simple but can cause drastic effects

Question 12

Mendelian vs polygenic traits

Answer 12

Mendelian: 1 allele expresses itself.

Polygenic: multiple alleles interact with one another, multiple continuous expressions, influenced by environment

Question 13

Other exceptions to Mendelian simple inheritance

Answer 13

Controlled by allele in one location

Only one possible expression and no intermediate forms

Question 14

Problems with Mendel’s “principle of independent assortment”

Answer 14

“Principle of independent assortment”: the allele a gamete receives for one gene doesn’t influence an allele receives for another gene

Problems: Traits don’t sort together

Question 15

Punnet square

Answer 15

Homozygous dominant: AA

Heterozygous: Aa

Homozygous recessive: aa

Question 16

Define epigenome

Answer 16

Chemical compounds that can tell the genome what to do. Your DNA + environmental factors

Question 17

Understand epigenetic reprogramming

Answer 17

Reprogramming of tags to get rid of it.

When it fails the tags stay with the cell and can be expressed in the next generation

Question 18

Compare micro vs macro evolution

Answer 18

Micro evolution: minor generation change

Macro evolution: accumulation of the generational changes

Question 19

Understand hardy weinberg principle

Answer 19

Alleles frequencies will remain the same in a population in the absence of evolutionary influences