exam 1

Question 1

➢ What is sociology? What do sociologists focus their attention on?

Answer 1

the study of the development, structure and functioning of human society

patterns and behaviors of culture, organizations, inceptions etc

Question 2

➢ What is the sociological imagination? What does the sociological perspective have to offer when looking at social life or even more simply human life?

Answer 2

imagination is what we look at what is happening through the eyes of an outsider

this gives us empathy

Question 3

➢ Why is empathy important in the study of sociology?

Answer 3

so you get a better sociological perspective

Question 4

➢ What insights does the sociological imagination give us regarding why people commit suicide?

Answer 4

• population affects rates
• higher rates come with less populated areas
• socail isolation
• lack of help
• economy impacts

Question 5

egoistic

Answer 5

weak social ties and/or social isolation can lead to suicide

Question 6

Durkheim’s types of suicide

Answer 6

fatalistic
anomic
egoistic
altruisic

Question 7

fatalistic

Answer 7

people take their lives when they see no way to escape

Question 8

anomic

Answer 8

when ties to one’s community are too strong

Question 9

industrial rev.

Answer 9

changes in manufacturing, a agriculture, transportation, and mining that changed everything.

Question 10

auguste comte

Answer 10

father of sociology
invented the word
want to study people to help predict behavior

Question 11

karl marx

Answer 11

founding father of conflict theory

Question 12

Durkheim

Answer 12

interested in how division of labor affected solidarity

industialization changed the division of labor

Question 13

Weber

Answer 13

motivation in what causes us to act on something

traditional, value rational, instrumental affection.

Question 14

Traditional

Answer 14

a goal is pursued bc it was pursed in the past

Question 15

affectional

Answer 15

a goal is pursed in response to an emotion such as revenge.

Question 16

value rational

Answer 16

a desired goal is pursed with a deep and abiding awareness

Question 17

instrumental rational

Answer 17

valued goal is pursed by the most efficient means

Question 18

Structural functionalist theory

Answer 18

• all phenomena are seen to serve a function

Question 19

what are the functions of structural functionalist theory

Answer 19

manifest - planned function, positive desired outcome
latent - unintended, but positive function
dysfunctional - disrupted negative outcomes to social order may be manifest or latent.

Question 20

Conflict theory

Answer 20

• the driving question who benefits at whose expense
• focuses on class race gender sexual orientation
  marco or micro

Question 21

symbolic theory

Answer 21

• how do people understand and give meaning to their social world?
• can be concert or abstract
• give meaning to something, can be different from person to person, allow us to act.

Question 22

➢ What are the steps of the scientific research method?

Answer 22

• pick topic/research question
• review literature
• choosing a research designs
• identify variables
• collecting and analyzing data
• conclusion

Question 23

➢ What is a variable?

o Compare and contrast independent variables, dependent variables, and control variables.

Answer 23

variable is
Independent - explains or predicts the dependent variable
dependent - behavior to be explained or predicted
control - constant

Question 24

➢ What is a hypothesis

Answer 24

educated guess with trail prediction

Question 25

Correlation

Answer 25

Two variables that go hand in hand | they are not causation

Question 26

what is a sample

Answer 26

a selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of the population random selection of a population helps to decrease bias

Question 27

generalizability

Answer 27

findings from a study can be generalized and extended out passed the study.

Question 28

Quantitative VS qualitative

Answer 28

Quantitative – Data measured by some sort of number. Numbers can be manipulated by percentages, averages, correlations, complex equations, and more. Surveys – generally close ended Qualitative – Data that starts with people’s lived experiences as told by the subjects. Open ended interviews Often observation studies

Question 29

Different types of research methods

Answer 29

Experiments Surveys: Interviews or Questionnaires Observations Secondary Sources Case Studies & Ethnographies

Question 30

Experiments

Answer 30

Conducted to study possible causal relationships. (cause and effect) Traditionally include: An Experimental Group A Control Group

Question 31

Surveys

Answer 31

``` Interviews Advantages Probe to get full explanations; Rich data; Qualitative Disadvantages Easier to bias; Time consuming; Expensive; Limited Questionnaires Advantages Cheap; Less likely for bias Disadvantages Easy to throw away; Limited Information ```

Question 32

observational studies

Answer 32

- Nonparticipant vs. Participant - Overt vs Covert - Challenges faced by researchers of participant observation 1 Access- Gaining access to a group. 2 Comprehension of observations - – Observer must fully understand what they are observing. having on the environment. 3 Remaining detached - 3 – Researcher must remain to some degree detached. 4 Reflexivity – Hawthorne Effect 4 – Reflexivity – Impact the researcher’s presence is having on the environment.

Question 33

Hawthorne effect

Answer 33

subjects worker harder because they felt that they were being watch.

Question 34

Case Study

Answer 34

Limited to one or small number of participants in study. Will educate about a specific person, group or situation. Often read more like a story than a “typical” research report.

Question 35

Ethnographic

Answer 35

Study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation. Will employ a variety of methods including interviews, observations, and use of existing sources to gather data. Example: Annette Lareau’s Unequal Childhoods

Question 36

What is Culture?

Answer 36

relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society.

Question 37

Non-material culture

Answer 37

intangible creation that include beliefs, values, norms and symbols norms - relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society. folkways - unwritten rules. ex manners mores - serious mandates, code of conduct, not assaulting. laws or government - controlled rules. Taboo - norms that are so deadly engrained in us that breaking seems unthinkable. "INCEST"

Question 38

Material cultural?

Answer 38

all physical objects that people have invented or borrowed from other cultural.

Question 39

Universal culture VS peculiar cultures

Answer 39

U - are those things that all cultures have in common such as trees or plants P - includes specific practices that distinguish culture from another.

Question 40

What are sanctions

Answer 40

Jail time other punishments from not following culture rules.

Question 41

What are symbols

Answer 41

a meaning given to an object or idea, representation of something. Some universal mean the same ex american flag.

Question 42

linguistic relativity (Whorff hypothesis)

Answer 42

structure of a langage influences the modes and thoughts which we speak and behavior characteristic of the culture that is spoken

Question 43

cultural diffusion and selective borrowing

Answer 43

the process that generates change in the borrowing society spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures selective borrowing - people in one culture do not borrow ideas or inventions indiscriminately from another culture.

Question 44

What is culture shock

Answer 44

culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own

Question 45

cultrual capital

Answer 45

referes to a person non material resources. | including educational creditables

Question 46

counterculture

Answer 46

refers to subcultures that challenge contradict or outright reject those of a mainstream culture of which they are a part

Question 47

cultural anchor

Answer 47

A cultural anchor is any kind of influence that entrenches itself so deeply that it prevents the culture from evolving.

Question 48

subculture

Answer 48

groups that share certain parts of main stream culture but have distant values norms beliefs symbols and language that sets them a part

Question 49

Cultural relativism

Answer 49

- a foreign culture should not be judge by the standards of a home culture - a behavior or way of think should be examined in its cultural context

Question 50

ethnocentrism

Answer 50

a point of view when you uses your culture to judge the worth of another cultures ways.