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Jake > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

➢ What is sociology? What do sociologists focus their attention on?

A

the study of the development, structure and functioning of human society

patterns and behaviors of culture, organizations, inceptions etc

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2
Q

➢ What is the sociological imagination? What does the sociological perspective have to offer when looking at social life or even more simply human life?

A

imagination is what we look at what is happening through the eyes of an outsider

this gives us empathy

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3
Q

➢ Why is empathy important in the study of sociology?

A

so you get a better sociological perspective

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4
Q

➢ What insights does the sociological imagination give us regarding why people commit suicide?

A
  • population affects rates
  • higher rates come with less populated areas
  • socail isolation
  • lack of help
  • economy impacts
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5
Q

egoistic

A

weak social ties and/or social isolation can lead to suicide

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6
Q

Durkheim’s types of suicide

A

fatalistic
anomic
egoistic
altruisic

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7
Q

fatalistic

A

people take their lives when they see no way to escape

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8
Q

anomic

A

when ties to one’s community are too strong

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9
Q

industrial rev.

A

changes in manufacturing, a agriculture, transportation, and mining that changed everything.

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10
Q

auguste comte

A

father of sociology
invented the word
want to study people to help predict behavior

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11
Q

karl marx

A

founding father of conflict theory

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12
Q

Durkheim

A

interested in how division of labor affected solidarity

industialization changed the division of labor

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13
Q

Weber

A

motivation in what causes us to act on something

traditional, value rational, instrumental affection.

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14
Q

Traditional

A

a goal is pursued bc it was pursed in the past

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15
Q

affectional

A

a goal is pursed in response to an emotion such as revenge.

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16
Q

value rational

A

a desired goal is pursed with a deep and abiding awareness

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17
Q

instrumental rational

A

valued goal is pursed by the most efficient means

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18
Q

Structural functionalist theory

A
  • all phenomena are seen to serve a function
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19
Q

what are the functions of structural functionalist theory

A

manifest - planned function, positive desired outcome
latent - unintended, but positive function
dysfunctional - disrupted negative outcomes to social order may be manifest or latent.

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20
Q

Conflict theory

A
  • the driving question who benefits at whose expense
  • focuses on class race gender sexual orientation
    marco or micro
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21
Q

symbolic theory

A
  • how do people understand and give meaning to their social world?
  • can be concert or abstract
  • give meaning to something, can be different from person to person, allow us to act.
22
Q

➢ What are the steps of the scientific research method?

A
  • pick topic/research question
  • review literature
  • choosing a research designs
  • identify variables
  • collecting and analyzing data
  • conclusion
23
Q

➢ What is a variable?

o Compare and contrast independent variables, dependent variables, and control variables.

A

variable is
Independent - explains or predicts the dependent variable
dependent - behavior to be explained or predicted
control - constant

24
Q

➢ What is a hypothesis

A

educated guess with trail prediction

25
Q

Correlation

A

Two variables that go hand in hand

they are not causation

26
Q

what is a sample

A

a selection from a larger population that is statistically representative of the population
random selection of a population helps to decrease bias

27
Q

generalizability

A

findings from a study can be generalized and extended out passed the study.

28
Q

Quantitative VS qualitative

A

Quantitative – Data measured by some sort of number. Numbers can be manipulated by percentages, averages, correlations, complex equations, and more.
Surveys – generally close ended

Qualitative – Data that starts with people’s lived experiences as told by the subjects.
Open ended interviews
Often observation studies

29
Q

Different types of research methods

A

Experiments

Surveys: Interviews or Questionnaires

Observations

Secondary Sources

Case Studies & Ethnographies

30
Q

Experiments

A

Conducted to study possible causal relationships. (cause and effect)

Traditionally include:
An Experimental Group
A Control Group

31
Q

Surveys

A 
Interviews  
Advantages
Probe to get full explanations; Rich data; Qualitative
Disadvantages
Easier to bias; Time consuming; Expensive; Limited
Questionnaires
Advantages
Cheap; Less likely for bias
Disadvantages
Easy to throw away; Limited Information
32
Q

observational studies

A
  • Nonparticipant vs. Participant
  • Overt vs Covert
  • Challenges faced by researchers of participant observation
    1 Access- Gaining access to a group.
    2 Comprehension of observations -
    – Observer must fully understand what they are observing. having on the environment.
    3 Remaining detached -
    3 – Researcher must remain to some degree detached.

4 Reflexivity – Hawthorne Effect

4 – Reflexivity – Impact the researcher’s presence is having on the environment.
33
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

subjects worker harder because they felt that they were being watch.

34
Q

Case Study

A

Limited to one or small number of participants in study.

Will educate about a specific person, group or situation.

Often read more like a story than a “typical” research report.

35
Q

Ethnographic

A

Study of an entire social setting through extended systematic observation.

Will employ a variety of methods including interviews, observations, and use of existing sources to gather data.

Example: Annette Lareau’s Unequal Childhoods

36
Q

What is Culture?

A

relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society.

37
Q

Non-material culture

A

intangible creation that include beliefs, values, norms and symbols

norms - relating to the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a society.
folkways - unwritten rules. ex manners
mores - serious mandates, code of conduct, not assaulting.
laws or government - controlled rules.
Taboo - norms that are so deadly engrained in us that breaking seems unthinkable. “INCEST”

38
Q

Material cultural?

A

all physical objects that people have invented or borrowed from other cultural.

39
Q

Universal culture VS peculiar cultures

A

U - are those things that all cultures have in common such as trees or plants
P - includes specific practices that distinguish culture from another.

40
Q

What are sanctions

A

Jail time other punishments from not following culture rules.

41
Q

What are symbols

A

a meaning given to an object or idea, representation of something. Some universal mean the same ex american flag.

42
Q

linguistic relativity (Whorff hypothesis)

A

structure of a langage influences the modes and thoughts which we speak and behavior characteristic of the culture that is spoken

43
Q

cultural diffusion and selective borrowing

A

the process that generates change in the borrowing society
spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures
selective borrowing - people in one culture do not borrow ideas or inventions indiscriminately from another culture.

44
Q

What is culture shock

A

culture shock is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one’s own

45
Q

cultrual capital

A

referes to a person non material resources.

including educational creditables

46
Q

counterculture

A

refers to subcultures that challenge contradict or outright reject those of a mainstream culture of which they are a part

47
Q

cultural anchor

A

A cultural anchor is any kind of influence that entrenches itself so deeply that it prevents the culture from evolving.

48
Q

subculture

A

groups that share certain parts of main stream culture but have distant values norms beliefs symbols and language that sets them a part

49
Q

Cultural relativism

A
  • a foreign culture should not be judge by the standards of a home culture
  • a behavior or way of think should be examined in its cultural context
50
Q

ethnocentrism

A

a point of view when you uses your culture to judge the worth of another cultures ways.

Jake (1 decks)

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