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PA Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four important dermatomes?

A

C4 - Shoulders
T4 - Nipple line
T10 - Umbilicus
L1 - Groin

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2
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

A

Superficial fascia (camper’s & scarpa)
Muscles
Rectus sheath
Transversalis fascia

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3
Q

What forms the rectus sheath above the arcuate line?

A

External and half of internal anterior

Transversus and half of internal go posterior

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4
Q

How do nerves run to the abdominal muscles?

A

Nerves run between the transversus and the internal oblique

Innervated by nerves T7 to L1

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5
Q

How is blood supplied to the abdominal muscles?

A

Through the superior epigastric artery

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6
Q

What is the function of the abdominal muscles?

A

Flexion and create pressure for a variety of actions

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7
Q

What is the lympathic drainage pattern of the superficial abdomen wall?

A

Above the umbilicus goes to axillary

Below the umbilicus goes to the superficial inguinal

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8
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage pattern of the deep abdominal wall?

A

Follows deep arteries to parasternal, lumbar and external iliac nodes

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9
Q

What is the function of the gubernaculum?

A

Drags the gonads down and through the abdominal wall

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10
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain?

A

Spermatic cord (males)
Round ligament (females)
Genital branch of the genitalfemoral nerve
Part of ilio-inguinal nerve

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11
Q

Where do the ilio-inguinal and iliohypogastric nerves originate from?

A

L1

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12
Q

What is the difference between preperitoneal and retroperitoneal?

A

Preperitoneal describes the extraperitoneal fascia anterior to the peritoneum
Retroperitoneal refers to the estraperitoneal fascia posterior to the peritoneum

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13
Q

What vascular structure is the marker for if a hernia is indirect or direct?

A

Inferior epigastric artery
Indirect is lateral
Direct is medial

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14
Q

What forms the deep ring for the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

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15
Q

What forms the superficial ring for the inguinal canal?

A

Aponeurosis of the external oblique

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16
Q

What is the most likely place for a hernia to occur?

A

Hessel-vox triangle

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17
Q

What are intraperitoneal structures?

A

Organ is surrounded by the peritoneum

Stomach, small intestine, liver, transverse and sigmoid colon

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18
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

Passes through the femoral canal and into the thigh

More common in women

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19
Q

What are the retroperitoneal structures?

A

Organ is not fully surrounded by the peritoneum

Kidneys, pancreas, rectum, ascending and descending colon

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20
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

Covering of the abdominal organs

Can move to help fight infection/inflammation

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21
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Aponeurosis of the internal oblique

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22
Q

What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Internal oblique

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23
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

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24
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

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25
Q

What three structures come off the celiac trunk?

A

Splenic
Left gastric
Common hepatic

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26
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm and what passes with it?

A

Pass through diaphragm at T10 and the vagal trunk pass with it.
Posterior vagal trunk comes from the left vagus nerve
Anterior vagal trunk comes from the right vagus nerve

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27
Q

What supplies blood to the heart?

A

Lesser curvature - left gastric artery (hepatic artery proper)
Greater curvature - right gasto-omental artery (gastroduodenal artery)

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28
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A 
Posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (duodenum)
Jejunal (jujenum)
Anterior and posterior cecal arteries (cecum)
Ileocolic artery (appendix)
Right colic (ascending colon)
Middle colic (transverse colon)
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29
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

Location most often associated with appendicitis

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30
Q

What runs down the middle of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

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31
Q

What does the porta hepatis contain?

A

Bile duct
Portal vein
Hepatic artery proper

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32
Q

What are the different lobes of the liver?

A

Left
Right
Caudate (superior)
Quadrate

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33
Q

Where is pain from the foregut referred to?

A

Back of the shoulder and below the armpit

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34
Q

What structure is most likely to be compressed by a growing tumor in the pancreas?

A

Either celiac trunk or the superior mesenteric artery

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35
Q

What supplies blood to the foregut?

A

Celiac trunk from T12

Contains stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and duodenum

36
Q

What supplies blood to the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery from L1

Includes duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending and two thirds of transverse colon

37
Q

What supplies blood to the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery from L3

Includes one third of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoidal colon, rectum and upper part of anal canal

38
Q

Where does the spleen lie?

A

Area of rib 9 to 10

39
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Superior rectal
Left colic
Sigmoidal

40
Q

Where are the kidneys located in relation to the ribs?

A

TXII to LIII

41
Q

How does the lymphatic system of the abdomen work?

A

Follows three main arteries, the superior and inferior mesenteric and the celiac

42
Q

What nerves supply the kidneys, foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

Foregut - Greater splanchnic nerve T5 - T9
Midgut - Lesser splanchnic nerve T9 - T10
Hindgut - Lumbar splanchnic L1 - L2
Kidneys - Least splanchnic nerve T12

43
Q

What forms the portal vein?

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein

44
Q

Where are portosystemic anastomoses most likely to occur?

A

Umbilicus
Anus
Gastroesophageal junction

45
Q

Where do parasympathetic stimulation come from?

A

Either the vagal nerve or after two thirds of the transverse colon it comes from S2-S4

46
Q

Where are the motor sensory fibers in the spinal cord?

A

Ventral side

47
Q

Where does sensory information return to the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal side

48
Q

Where does the greater splanchnic nerve go to?

A

Celiac ganglion

49
Q

Where does the lesser splanchnic nerve go to?

A

Aorticorenal ganglion

50
Q

Where does the least splanchnic nerve go to?

A

Renal plexus

51
Q

What supplies blood to the suprarenal glands?

A

Superior suprarenal arteries from the inferior phrenic artery

52
Q

What are the branches of the lumbar plexus?

A 
Iliohypogastric (L1)
Ilio-inguinal (L1)
Genitofemoral (L1 & L2)
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2 & L3)
Obtrurator (L2 - L4)
Femoral (L2 - L4)
53
Q

Where does referred pain from the heart go?

A

Upper thorax and medial arm

54
Q

Where does referred pain from the midgut go?

A

Umbilical region

55
Q

Where does referred pain from the kidneys go?

A

Flanks and pubic region

56
Q

Where does referred pain from the hindgut go?

A

Left and right flanks and groins

Lateral and anterior thighs

57
Q

What are the two most common types of diaphragmatic hernias?

A

Morgagni’s - xiphoid process and costal margins

Bochdalek’s - pericardioperitoneal canal is failed to close by the pleuro-peritoneal membrane

58
Q

What is the thoracic wall made of?

A

Ribs and sternum

59
Q

How does lymphatic drainage occur in the breast?

A

75% goes to the axillary

60
Q

What does the sagittal plane divide into?

A

Left and right

61
Q

What are the classifications of the ribs?

A

True ribs 1-7
False ribs 8-12
Floating ribs 11 & 12

62
Q

What structures form the sternal angle?

A

Meeting of the body and manubrium of sternum

63
Q

What are the intercostal muscles? Where do the intercostal veins and arteries run?

A

Innermost
Internal
External
Run in between the internal and innermost muscles

64
Q

Where is a chest tube inserted?

A

Between the miaxillary and anterior axillary line around the fourth or fifth rib

65
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the thoracic wal?

A

Intercostal nodes in back

Parasternal nodes in front

66
Q

Where do the aorta, esophagous and inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava - T8
Esophagous - T10
Aorta - T12

67
Q

What does the root of the lung contain?

A

Bronchus

Pulmonary artery and vein

68
Q

What are the two important veins for the posterior thoracic wall?

A

Azygos - right side

Hemizygous - left side

69
Q

Which nerve runs behind the lung and which nerve runs in front of it?

A

Phrenic is anterior

Vagus is posterior

70
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Right phrenic nerve

71
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment?

A

An area of the lung that can be safely removed without affecting the other areas of the lung

72
Q

In which lung does the bronchi and arteris split before entering?

A

The right lung

73
Q

What is on the anterior surface of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

74
Q

What is on the base of the heart?

A

Left atrium

75
Q

What is on the left pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

76
Q

What is on the right pulmonary surface of the heart?

A

Right atrium

77
Q

What is on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

78
Q

How is left vs right sided heart determined?

A

Which ever side gives off the posterior interventricular branch

79
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

Where valves attach to the wall of the heart

80
Q

What cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

A

Right
Left
Anterior semilunar

81
Q

What does the transverse pericardial sinus allow you to place your fingers behind?

A

The great arteries

82
Q

What cusps does the aortic valve have?

A

Left
Right
Posterior

83
Q

What cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Septal

84
Q

Which nerve stimulates the vocal cords?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal

85
Q

How is the pelvis divided into the false and true pelvis?

A

By the pelvic inlet
Superior is false pelvis
Inferior is true pelvis

86
Q

What is the function of the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments?

A

Prevent upward tilting of sacrum

PA Anatomy (1 decks)

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