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RUSVM Micro Anatomy 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stereomicroscope?

A

A dissecting microscope

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2
Q

What are the steps in tissue processing?

A

Fixation -> Dehydration -> Clearing -> Infiltration -> Embedding

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3
Q

What solution is used for tissue fixation?

A

10% buffered formalin

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4
Q

How thin must tissue samples be cut?

A

1-7 micrometers

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5
Q

Silver stain- what does it stain & what color?

A

Reticular/nerve fibers; black (yellow background)

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6
Q

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)- what does it stain and what color?

A

Basement membrane & carbohydrates; magenta

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7
Q

What is the other name for cytosol?

A

Hyaloplasm

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8
Q

What is the other name for cell inclusions within cytoplasm?

A

Paraplasm

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9
Q

What are 2 examples of multinucleated cells?

A

Skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts

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10
Q

Euchromatic nucleus- characteristics & examples

A

Pale chromatin, active cell; neurons, hepatocytes, pancreatic acinar cells, serotoli cells

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11
Q

How is mitochondria involved with apoptosis?

A

Initiates apoptosis by releasing cytochrome C

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12
Q

In what cell type is the Golgi apparatus most developed?

A

Secretory cells

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13
Q

What protein do proteasomes require for intracellular digestion?

A

Ubiquitin

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14
Q

Lysosomes- enzyme type

A

Hydrolase

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15
Q

Peroxisomes- enzyme type

A

Catalase

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16
Q

What are the 2 microfilament types?

A

Actin & myosin

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17
Q

What is an example of an intermediate filament?

A

Keratin

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18
Q

What is an example of microtubules?

A

Cilia

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19
Q

Where are tonofilament intermediate filaments found?

A

Epithelium

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20
Q

Where are vimentin intermediate filaments found?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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21
Q

Where are desmin intermediate filaments found?

A

Muscle

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22
Q

Where is lipofuscin pigment found?

A

Muscle cells, cardiac cells

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23
Q

Where is hemosiderin pigment found?

A

Spleen, liver

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24
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Liver, muscle, neurons

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25
Q

What are the differences between microvilli, cilia, & stereocilia?

A

Microvilli- absorptive, brush border
Cilia- motile, longer
Stereocilia- absorptive, large microvilli

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26
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelia and their functions?

A

Surface epithelia- form sheets to cover body/lumen surfaces
Glandular epithelia- secretory epithelia
Special epithelia- receptors (taste & hearing)

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28
Q

What does mesothelium mesoderm line?

A

Peritoneal, pleural, & pericardial cavities

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29
Q

What does endothelium mesoderm line?

A

Blood & lymphatic vessels, heart chambers

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30
Q

What does ectoderm epithelium line?

A

The surface of the body (epidermis of skin)

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31
Q

What does endoderm epithelium line?

A

GI tract, respiratory system, liver, pancreas, bladder

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32
Q

What is the difference between epithelial cells & mesenchymal cells?

A

Epithelial- little intercellular substance, many cells

Mesenchymal- lots of intercellular substance, few cells

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33
Q

What is the difference between basal lamina & basement membrane?

A

Basement membrane is the part of the basal lamina that is seen with light microscopy

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34
Q

What characteristics allow adhesion between epithelial cells?

A

Transmembrane glycoproteins, e-cadherins, intercellular adhesions

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35
Q

What are the functions of tight junctions?

A

Create seal around epithelial cells; prevent leakage of fluid

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36
Q

What are the functions of desmosomes?

A

Fasten cells together into sheets; like velcro; in skin

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37
Q

What are the functions of gap junctions?

A

Channels between adjacent cells for communication

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38
Q

What is the main characteristic of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Cells look layered, but every cell contacts the basement membrane

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39
Q

Kartagener’s/Immotile Cilia Syndrome- cause & effect

A

Dynein arms missing from cilia/sperm tails

Chronic respiratory infection (no cilia in airway); male sterility

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40
Q

What type of epithelium can be keratinized?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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41
Q

True or false: keratinized cells have nuclei

A

False

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42
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Lines urinary passages

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43
Q

What is the secretory unit of exocrine ducts?

A

Adenomere

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44
Q

What are the 3 shapes of duct adenomeres?

A

Tubular, acinar, alveolar

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45
Q

What are the 4 types of glands?

A

Serous, mucous, mixed, sebaceous

46
Q

What are characteristics of serous glands?

A

Round nuclei, basophilic/acidophilic cytoplasm in basal/apical parts of cells, darker in color

47
Q

What are characteristics of mucous glands?

A

Flat & heterochromatic nuclei @ base of cells, vacuolated (frothy)/ pale cytoplasm

48
Q

What are characteristics of sebaceous glands?

A

Centrally located nuclei, pale/foamy cytoplasm

49
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

No cytoplasm lost during secretion

50
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Some cytoplasm lost producing secretion

51
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Entire cell is the product of secretion

52
Q

What is endocrine secretion?

A

Product is secreted into blood vessels

53
Q

What are malignant tumors of connective tissue called?

A

Sarcomas

54
Q

What cell types are resident cells of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic mesenchyme cells (fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells)

55
Q

What cell types are transient cells of connective tissue?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (plasma cells, leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes)

56
Q

True or false: fibrocytes are active cells

A

False (fibroblasts are active; fibrocytes are inactive)

57
Q

What are characteristics of type 1 collagen?

A

Resists tensile force; found in bone, dermis, tendons

58
Q

What are characteristics of type 2 cartilage?

A

Resists compression; forms fibrils in cartilage

59
Q

What are characteristics of type 3 collagen?

A

Reticular fibers; found in spleen, lymph nodes, liver

60
Q

What are characteristics of type 4 cartilage?

A

Found in basement membranes

61
Q

What color are collagen fibers?

A

White

62
Q

What color are elastic fibers?

A

Yellow

63
Q

What is connective tissue ground substance made up of?

A

GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

64
Q

What is a proteoglycan composed of?

A

GAG + protein core

65
Q

What is an abnormal accumulation of connective tissue fluid called?

A

Edema

66
Q

What are the 4 types of proper connective tissue?

A

Loose, dense, reticular, adipose

67
Q

What is the endocrine function of white adipose tissue?

A

Produces leptin (regulates body fat)

68
Q

How does brown adipose tissue differ from white adipose tissue (look & function)?

A

Many lipid droplets per cell, mitochondria, found in hibernating/newborn animals for heat generation

69
Q

True or false: cartilage is a avascular

A

True

70
Q

What type of cell does cartilage differentiate from?

A

Mesenchymal cells

71
Q

What cell type is present in perichondrium?

A

Chondroprogenital cells

72
Q

Where is perichondrium present?

A

All hyaline cartilage EXCEPT articular, elastic cartilage (NOT present in fibrocartilage)

73
Q

What molecular component makes cartilage strong & flexible?

A

Proteoglycans (present in ground substance)

74
Q

What space surrounds each chondrocyte?

A

Lacunae

75
Q

What functions do chondrocytes have?

A

Synthesis of ground substance & cartilage matrix

76
Q

What is a cartilage isogenous group?

A

A cluster of 2-4 chondrocytes

77
Q

What are histological characteristics of chondrocytes?

A

Small euchromatic nuclei, basophilic, lipid droplets

78
Q

What is the main structural glycoproteins of cartilage matrix?

A

Chondronectin

79
Q

Why is the cartilage matrix basophilic?

A

High concentration of GAGs

80
Q

What is the territorial matrix of a chondrocyte?

A

Area immediately surrounding a chondrocyte; more basophilic than rest of matrix

81
Q

What is cartilage interstitial growth?

A

Growth from within the cartilage; when a single chondrocyte replicates

82
Q

What is cartilage appositional growth?

A

Growth from the periphery; from the perichondrium

83
Q

What collagen type is present in hyaline cartilage?

A

Type 2 collagen

84
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage located?

A

Fetal axial/appendicular skeleton, growth plates, articular cartilage, costo-Chandra junctions, nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, bronchi

85
Q

What is another name for a growth plate?

A

Physis

86
Q

What are the 3 zones of growth at a growth plate?

A

Zone of resting, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy

87
Q

Where is elastic cartilage located?

A

Larynx (epiglottis), external auditory canal, pinna of ear

88
Q

True or false: all cartilage types have perichondrium

A

False

89
Q

What type of collagen is present in fibrocartilage?

A

Type 1 collagen

90
Q

Where is fibrocartilage located?

A

Intervertebral discs, mensci, insertions of tendons, mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis

91
Q

What type of collagen is found in bone organic matrix?

A

Type 1 collagen

92
Q

What is present in the bone’s inorganic matrix?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

93
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Connective tissue layer that covers outside of bones

94
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Connective tissue layer that lines trabeculae of spongy bone

95
Q

What is the bone extracellular matrix called?

A

Osteoid

96
Q

What is the difference between woven bone and lamellar bone?

A

Woven bone- immature bone; fibers randomly arranged

Lamellar bone- mature bone; fibers arranged in parallel

97
Q

How to osteocytes communicate?

A

Filopodia extended via bone canaliculi (tunnels within bone)

98
Q

True or false: osteoblasts have lacunae

A

False (only osteocytes have lacunae when in mineralized matrix)

99
Q

What are the functions of osteoclasts?

A

To remodel bone in response to growth/mechanical stress; to maintain Ca homeostasis

100
Q

What are bone trabeculae?

A

Compact bone; where osteocytes are located

101
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Occurs within membranes of mesenchymal tissue (immature); flat bones of skull

102
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Bone develops from cartilage at ossification centers/growth plates; most bones

103
Q

What is the functional unit of mature bone?

A

Osteon

104
Q

What is at the center of each osteon?

A

Haversian canal

105
Q

What hormone increases osteoclast activity?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

106
Q

True or false: synovial cells are epithelial cells

A

False (connective tissue cells that look like epithelium)

107
Q

What is the main component of synovial fluid?

A

Hyaluronic acid

108
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

Nutrition, lubrication, protection of articular surfaces

109
Q

What other type of tissue is often found within elastic cartilage?

A

Adipose tissue

110
Q

Which part of a long bone contains the primary ossification center: the diaphysis or the epiphysis?

A

The Diaphysis (the epiphysis has the secondary ossification center)

RUSVM Micro Anatomy 1 (1 decks)

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