Exam 1 Flashcards
3 functions of epithelium
Absorption
Barrier
Secretion
(ABS)
2 parts of basement membrane?
Partial basement membrane?
Basal Lamina - from epithelium
Reticular Lamina - from CT
Partial Basement Membrane - Only Basal Lamina
Epithelium is __________. Cells obtain nutrients by _________.
Epithelium is AVASCULAR. Cells obtain nutrients by DIFFUSION.
2 things epithelium gets from CT
Nutrients
Defensive cells
4 types of cell junctions. List first 3 from free edge - in.
Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adeherens
Macula Adeheren
Gap Junctions
Cell junction type associated w/:
Desmosomes -
Tight Junction -
Adhesion Belt -
Desmosomes - Macula Adherens
Tight Junction - Zonula Occludens
Adhesion Belt - Zonula Adherens
2 parts that connect epithelium to basement membrane and CT
Hemidesmosomes - basement membrane
Focal Point contacts - CT
Junction diseases:
_________ _________: autoimmune affecting hemidesmosomes
_________ _________: autoimmune affecting desmosomes
_________: bacterial infection of small intestine affecting zonula Occludens
Bullous Pemphigoid: autoimmune affecting hemidesmosomes
Pemphigus Vulgaris: autoimmune affecting desmosomes
Cholera: bacterial infection of small intestine affecting zonula Occludens
Respiratory epithelium cell types:
________ Cells - produce mucus
________ ________ Cells - move mucus
________ Cells - stem cell for the 2 cell types above
Respiratory epithelium cell types:
GOBLET Cells - produce mucus
CILIATED COLUMNAR Cells - move mucus
BASAL Cells - stem cell for this type of epithelium
Surface Specialization:
__________ - finger-like projections
__________ - extremely long microvilli
_________ - thin apical hair-like extensions
_________ - surface layer of glycoproteins
Surface Specialization: MICROVILLI - finger-like projections STEREOCILIA - extremely long microvilli CILIA - thin apical hair-like extensions GLYCOCALYX - surface layer of glycoproteins
5 layers of epithelium
Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum
___________: Protect against UV radiation
Melanocytes
____________ Cells: Antigen presenting cell
Layer found in: Stratum _________
LANGERHANS Cells: Antigen presenting cell
Layer found in: Stratum SPINOSUM
________ Cells: provide touch receptors
Layer found in: Stratum ________
MERKEL Cells: provide touch receptors
Layer found in: Stratum BASALE
_________ cells decrease with repeated UV exposure
Langerhans
Patches which lack melanocytes
Vitiligo
Melanocytes become mitotically active and invade dermis
Malignant Melanoma
Type of secretion by which the product is released into a duct
Exocrine Secretion
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = components directly involved with the primary function (Ex: \_\_\_\_) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ = components providing mechanical/metabolic support (Ex: \_\_\_\_)
PARENCHYMA = components directly involved with the primary function (ex: SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS) STROMA = components providing mechanical/metabolic support (ex: CT, NERVES, LYMPHATICS)
Method of secretion which involves the entire cell becoming the secretory product
Holocrine
Method of secretion by exocytosis - no cell damage
Merocrine
Method of secretion where the product contains cytoplasm, membranes, and in-tact vacuoles
Apocrine
Secretion Methods: Lactating mammary glands - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Goblet cells - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Sebaceous glands in the skin - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ceruminous glands in the ear - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Salivary glands - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Secretion Methods: Lactating mammary glands - APOCRINE Goblet cells - MEROCRINE Sebaceous glands in the skin - HOLOCRINE Ceruminous glands in the ear - APOCRINE Salivary glands - ECCRINE (MEROCRINE)
Secreted Products:
_______: smallest division of a gland
_______ _______: small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus
_________ ______: contractile cells with epithelial origin
Secreted Products:
ACINUS: smallest division of a gland
SEROUS DEMILUNE: small group of serous cells attached to a mucus acinus
MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS: contractile cells with epithelial origin
Serous glands produce _______
Mucus glands produce _______
Mixed glands produce _______ and ______
Serous glands produce PROTEINS
Mucus glands produce MUCUS
Mixed glands produce PROTEINS and MUCUS
________ Secretion: Type of secretion where product is released into nearby CT for vascular dispersal to target cells/organ.
Secretory product is commonly referred to as a ________
ENDOCRINE Secretion: Type of secretion where product is released into nearby CT for vascular dispersal to target cells/organ.
Secretory product is commonly referred to as a HORMONE
Subtypes of Endocrine secretion:
________ Secretion: signaling cell is close to target cell so the hormone does not enter the blood
________ Secretion: signaling cell is its own target
Subtypes of Endocrine secretion:
PARACRINE Secretion: signaling cell is close to target cell so the hormone does not enter the blood
AUTOCRINE Secretion: signaling cell is its own target
CT:
Most derived from ___________
Support cells produce, are separated by, and adhere to _______
CT:
Most derived from MESENCHYME
Support cells produce, are separated by, and adhere to MATRIX
GAG’s are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic)
Hydrophilic
Sulfated vs. Non-Sulfated GAG’s:
__________: Holds much water - allowing diffusion
__________: Covalently bonded to proteins
Non-Sulfated: holds water/allows diffusion
Sulfated: bonded to proteins
(3) Positive aspects of inflammation
Increased Fluidity, Cell Movement, Defensive Cells
Most common CT protein
Collagen
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome affects _________
Type I Collagen
Affects of aging on CT fibers and production
Fiber production decreases
Fibers produced are weaker
Vit. C necessary for proper ______-_______(bonding) with the collagen ___ fibers
Vit. C necessary for proper CROSS-LINKING(bonding) with the collagen I fibers
Simplest fiber - _________
Fiber known for strength - ________
Fibers affected by age - _________ and _______
Simplest fiber - RETICULAR
Fiber known for strength - COLLAGEN I
Fibers affected by age - COLLAGEN I and ELASTIC
Which fibers?
Marfan’s - _________
Scurvy - ________
Most numerous in lymph nodes - ________
Which fibers?
Marfan’s - ELASTIC
Scurvy - COLLAGEN I
Most numerous in lymph nodes - RETICULAR
Reticular fibers are associated with which type of collagen?
Collagen III
First fiber produced during wound healing
Reticular
Fibroblasts are usually derived from _________
Mesenchymal Cells
Structural functions of fibroblasts (2)
Produce and maintain matrix
Healing (scar formation)
Defensive functions of fibroblasts (2)
Produce cytokines and enzymes
Phagocytize when necessary
_________: mature, less active fibroblast
Function - __________ _______
Fibrocyte
Function - MAINTAIN MATRIX
CT structural cell that is numerous when blood supply is limited
Fibrocyte
CT cell that functions in epidermal scar shrinkage
Myofibroblasts
CT cell that produces antibodies
Plasma cells
CT cell type that stores lipids
Adipocyte
Myofibroblasts primarily function during (2)
Wounds closure
Tooth eruption
Adipocytes produce _________
Plasma cells produce _________
Macrophages are derived from _________
Adipocytes produce LEPTIN
Plasma cells produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN
Macrophages are derived from MONOCYTES
Mast cells are derived from _______ _______ precursor
BONE MARROW precursor
Functions of mast cells: (mediate the following) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Immediate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ response \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
INFLAMMATION
Immediate HYPERSENSITIVITY response
ANAPHYLAXIS
ASTHMA
“Off switch” for histamine
Heparin
Mast Cells:
Primary mediator that attracts eosinophils - _______
Primary mediator that counteracts the affects of histamine - ________
Primary mediator that attracts neutrophils - _______
Mast Cells:
Primary mediator that attracts eosinophils - ECF
Primary mediator that counteracts the affects of histamine - HEPARIN
Primary mediator that attracts neutrophils - NCF
Which mast cell mediated event is likely to involve great basophil stimulation?
Anaphylaxis
CT location of mast cells (2)
Under epithelial
By small blood vessels
What will leukotrienes do once release from mast cells?
Same as histamine (but stronger)
