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Global Human Health > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about global health in the past 50-60 yrs?

A
  • The global death rate in children less than 5 yrs old has fallen
  • Tuberculosis and HIV kill about the same number of people
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2
Q

What is the life expectancy of Sierra Leone, France?

A

45, 83 respectively

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3
Q

What is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity”

A

health

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4
Q

What is smallpox caused by?

A

virus

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5
Q

Smallpox was fatal in about what percent of cases?

A

30%

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6
Q

The last case of smallpox occurred in what decade and country?

A

1970’s – Somalia

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7
Q

What made it easier for smallpox to be eradicated?

A
  • The vaccine did not require refrigeration
  • Immunity was long-lived
  • It was relatively easy to diagnose; symptoms were quite obvious
  • Programs to fight smallpox aligned with anti-bioterrorism efforts
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8
Q

The single best predictor of birth weight is _____.

A

maternal educaton

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9
Q

The number of deaths per 1000 under 28 days age is the ____ mortality rate.

A

neonatal

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10
Q

The number of deaths per 1000 under 1 year age is the ____ mortality rate.

A

Infant

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11
Q

For Sub-Saharan Africa, the neonatal number is approximately:

A

30

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12
Q

For Sub-Saharan Africa, the infant number is approximately:

A

60

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13
Q

What is any physical or psychological illness?

A

morbidity

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14
Q

What is death

A

mortality

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15
Q

What is the number of new cases per year called?

A

incidence

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16
Q

What is the number with a health condition at a point in time?

A

prevalence

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17
Q

What is the temporary or long-term reduction in ability to function?

A

disability

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18
Q

The term vital registry refers to the accurate recording of:

A

births, deaths, and causes of deaht

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19
Q

What does DALYs stand for?

A

Disability-Adjusted Life Years

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20
Q

Besides in Sub-Saharan Africa, the most common leading causes fo death worldwide are

A

noncommunicable

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21
Q

Currently most population growth is occurring in ______.

A

low and middle-income countries

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22
Q

What is true about Health, Education, Poverty, and the Economy?

A
  • Common groups affected by economic disparities are women, minorities, and LGBT groups
  • Malnutrition and disease can affect cognitive development
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23
Q

What is the most significant part of the International Bill of Human Rights?

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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24
Q

With regard to HIV/AIDS, ART stands for

A

Antiretroviral therapy

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25
Q

What is the USPEPFAR?

A

United States President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS relief

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26
Q

What’s true about the PEPFAR program?

A
  • Provides ART to HIV-infected people in resource-limited settings
  • Supports HIV testing and counseling
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27
Q

What’s true about the Tuskegee Study?

A
  • It was sponsored by the US govt
  • It included around 600 African American men
  • Treatment was withheld to study the effects of an infection
  • A major issue was that study participants were not informed
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28
Q

What was the ehtical dilemma that arose during the “short-course AZT trials” that the WHO intended to carry out during the 1990’s?

A

Some of the patients received a placebo drug (a fake drug used for comparing) that ended up inhibiting their progress.

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29
Q

What is an advantage/disadvantage to the US patent system related to the development of new drugs?

A

Advantage: money incentive to drug makers, more research motivation
Disadvantage: High cost of drugs, hard to obtain them (monopoly)

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30
Q

NGO’s stand for _____.

A

non-governmental organizations

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31
Q

What kind of healthcare system does Canada have and how does it work?

A

National health insurance system – public or private; guaranteed insurance

32
Q

What kind of healthcare system does Cuba have and how does it work?

A

National health service – government is sole payer

33
Q

What kind of healthcare system does India have and how does it work? (same as US)

A

Pluralistic – public or private; may lack insurance

34
Q

What type of health service is an emergency obstetric care under?

A

secondary

35
Q

What type of health service is family planning under?

A

primary

36
Q

What type of health service is specialist surgery under?

A

tertiary

37
Q

How to treat childhood diseases –

A

vitamin A supplements, anthelmintics

38
Q

How to prevent childhood diseases –

A

vaccines–measles, polio, HiB, rotavirus

39
Q

HIV – prevention

A

educate sex workers, safe transfusions

40
Q

HIV – treatment

A

ART or HAART

41
Q

how to prevent malaria?

A

insecticide-treated nets, indoor spraying

42
Q

How to treat malaria?

A

artemisinin

43
Q

What is maternity-related intervention?

A

prenatal care / postnatal care, tetanus vaccine

44
Q

tobacco intervention and control?

A

taxes, ban ads, education

45
Q

Tuberculosis – how to treat it?

A

DOTS

46
Q

______ has made great strides since 1994 genocide.

A

Rwanda

47
Q

______ has had universal health insurance since 1880s

A

Germany

48
Q

National Health Service covers all basic needs in this country:

A

United Kingdom

49
Q

This is an African country committed to universal coverage:

A

Ghana

50
Q

The United States spends about what percentage of our GDP on total health care?

A

18%

51
Q

What is the average per capita annual out-of-pocket expense for health care in the United States?

A

$1,000

52
Q

In 2011, about how many people in the US head limited or no health insurance?

A

30 million

53
Q

According to the information presented in class, where did the US rank in overall health system performance according to the WHO in 2000?

A

37th

54
Q

Approximately what proportion of drugs available ONLINE are fake?

A

50%

55
Q

What is true about onchocerciasis?

A
  • Also called river blindness
  • It is caused by a parasitic worm
  • It is transmitted by a specific fly
56
Q

What is true about DOTS?

A
  • It stands for Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course
  • It includes diagnosis by sputum smear microscopy
  • It includes 6-9 months of antibiotic treatment
  • Treatment is observed for at least the first two months
57
Q

Why do Women in Burundi, East Africa stop breastfeed when newborns are four months old? (3 reasons)

A

They believe:

  • Family/friends do not approve
  • God does not approve
  • Breastfed children are more likely to become malnourished
58
Q

What’s true about polio vaccination in India?

A
  • Became polio-free in 2014

- One obstacle to vaccination was the cultural belief that the vaccine was a plot to sterilize Muslims

59
Q

Why are Andean women reluctant to give birth in modern health clinics?

A
  • Prefer to give birth standing up
  • Family not allowed to be present at delivery or to cut umbilical cord
  • Husband was not permitted in delivery room
  • Placentas were required to be discarded
60
Q

The Opportunidades program in Mexico focuses on:

A

Conditional cash transfers for family health behaviors

61
Q

What is true about the Ebola virus?

A
  • Burial practices were involved in the transmission of most cases
62
Q

Environmental problems are responsible for what percentage of the global burden of disease?

A

25-33%

63
Q

What percentage of people globally have access to improved water?

A

90%

64
Q

Which type of air pollution causes more human health problems? ambient or household?

A

Household

65
Q

Entamoeba and giardia are examples of ___.

A

Protists

66
Q

E. coli and Vibrio cholera are examples of ______.

A

Baceria

67
Q

Climate change/ozone depletion results in:

A

injury/death from storms, floods, fires

68
Q

Crowded housing/poor ventilation results in:

A

respiratory diseases and lung cancer

69
Q

Exposure to natural toxins results in:

A

poisoning from arsenic, fluorides

70
Q

Poor water/sanitation results in:

A

diarrhea, vector-related diseases (malaria)

71
Q

What does Carbon Dioxide cause?

A

reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

72
Q

What does lead cause?

A

nervous system damage

73
Q

What does the ozone cause?

A

breathing impairment; eye irritation

74
Q

What does volatile organic compounds cause?

A

possible carcinogens

75
Q

What strategy is the cheapest in terms of dollars per DALY averted?

A

Promotion of imroved hygiene

Global Human Health (1 decks)

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