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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

psychological psychology

A

Studies neural mechanisms of behavior through the direct manipulation of the brain in controlled experiments

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2
Q

psychopharmacology

A

manipulation of neural activity and behavior with drugs; effects of drugs on the brain and behavior

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3
Q

neuropsychology

A

Study of psychological effects of brain damage in human patients

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4
Q

psychophysiology

A

Studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes

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5
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

youngest division of biopsychology; studies the neural basis of cognition generally refers to high intellectual processes such as thought, memory, attention, etc.

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6
Q

comparative psychology

A

comparison of similarities and differences of different species in order to understand the evolution genetics adaptiveness of behavior

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7
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of using human subjects in research

A

advantages: can follow instructions, can report subjective experiences
disadvantages: complex brains and behavior cannot use comparative approach

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8
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantage is of using non-human subjects in research

A

advantages- similar brains and behavior, can use comparative approach, avoid some ethical problems
disadvantages- cannot follow instructions, can I report subjective experiences, expensive

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9
Q

experiment

A

method used by scientist to find out what causes what

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10
Q

independent variables

A

the variable that is manipulated; the difference between the conditions being compared

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11
Q

dependent variables

A

the variable measured by the experimenter to assess the effect of the independent variable

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12
Q

experimental condition

A

exposes the subject to the treatment

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13
Q

Control condition

A

contrasts with the experimental condition; serves as a comparison with experimental condition

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14
Q

confounded variables

A

The unintended difference between the conditions of an experiment that could have affected the dependent variable

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15
Q

within subject design

A

The same group of subjects tested under each condition

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16
Q

between subject design

A

The different group of subjects tested under each condition

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17
Q

what is the big advantage of the experiment

A

can validly draw cause and effect conclusions;

drawbacks- often artificial, time consuming, expensive

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18
Q

quasi experimental studies

A

Studies of groups of subjects who have been exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world

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19
Q

case studies

A

Studies that focus on a single case or subject
good for: excellent source of testable hypotheses
disadvantage: degree of generalizability is unclear

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20
Q

pure research

A

motivated primarily by the curiosity of the researcher

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21
Q

Applied research

A

intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind

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22
Q

converging operations

A

use of several research approaches to solve a single problem: every study has weaknesses, needs replication, needs different types of studies

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23
Q

coolridge effect

A

The fact that a copulating male who becomes in capable of continuing to copulate with one sex partner can often recommence copulating with a new sex partner

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24
Q

lordosis

A

The arch backed, ramp up, tail diverted posture of female rodent sexual receptivity

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25
CT scans
computer-assisted x-ray to visualize the brain
26
MRI scans
magnetic resonance imaging and, high resolution images constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when...
27
PET scans
positron a mission tomography; provides images of the brain activity rather than images of brain structure
28
which scans show structure
CT, MRI
29
which scans show activity
fMRI, PET
30
The advantages of fMRI over PET scans
nothing has to be injected into the volunteer; it provides both structural and functional information in the same image; spatial resolution is better; it can be used to produce 3-D images of activity over the entire brain
31
EKG
Electrocardio gram; records heartbeat through electrodes placed on the chest
32
what does GSR measure (SCL from SCR)
SCL: skin conductance level; measure of the background level of skin conductance that is associated with a particular situation SCR: skin conductance response; measure of the transient changes in skin conductance that are associated with discrete experiences
33
EEG
gross electrical activity
34
EMG
electromyogram; recorded between two electrodes taped to the surface of the skin over the muscle of interest
35
TMS
transcranial magnetic stimulation; you can increase or decrease activity
36
stereotactic surgery
first step in many bio psych experiments; experimental devices are precisely positioned in the depths of the brain
37
lesioning
destroying brain tissue; in an effort to determine the functions of the lesioned structure
38
what are the three basic psychological measures of human sleep
EEG- brain activity EMG- muscle tone EOG- eye movement
39
what psychological phenomena occur during the sleep stages
stage 2 - mundane thinking | REM - vivid dreaming
40
when does hypnagogic imagery occur
going from relaxed wakefulness to sleep
41
hypnopompic imagery
sensory phenomenal experienced upon wakening: visual hallucinations, feeling of movement, sense of someone else in the room, sometimes associated with sleep paralysis
42
during which sleep stage does sleepwalking and bedwetting occur
3 and 4 (end of 4)
43
what are the tonic events of REM sleep
relaxed muscle tone (EMG) and erections
44
what are phasic events of R.E.M. sleep
eye movement, ear twitch, muscle twitch
45
how often are dreams reported when awakened from REM and non-REM sleep
R.E.M.- about 80% of the time | nREM- about 10%
46
lucid dreaming
you know you are dreaming and can control them, take action
47
what part of the brain was active when lucid dreamers dreamt that they clinched their fist
The motor cortex, similar to really clenching fist
48
what part of the brain was implicated in lucid dreaming
frontal lobes
49
Jouvet's research- how did cats behave when they weren't paralyzed during REM sleep
cats looked like they were acting out their dreams
50
what is the length of one cycle of sleep
90 minute cycle imposed on a 24 hour cycle
51
how do your sleep stages change with age
decreases with age
52
how does the length of sleep stages change throughout the night
R.E.M. periods get longer | Delta periods get shorter
53
what are biological rhythms
90 minute rhythms: changes and alertness, daydreaming circadian rhythms: 24 hour cycle's; sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, urine production 28 day rhythm: menstrual cycle Yearly rhythms: seasonal affective disorder, changes in sexual activity
54
what are free running rhythms
people who are not given cues about a time of the day will naturally choose a sleep cycle that is around 25 hours
55
is jet lag worse traveling east or west
east
56
placebo
A substance having no Pharmacological affect but given to satisfy a patient who supposes it to be a medicine
57
Active placebo
control drugs that have no therapeutic effect that produce side effects under evaluation and convince the person they're receiving a legitimate treatment
58
placebo effect
any effect on behavior caused by a placebo
59
nocebo effect
worsening of symptoms induced by therapies
60
double blind design
neither the patience nor physicians interacting with them know which treatment each patient has received
61
biopsychology
Study of the biology of behavior
62
psychology
study of behavior and mental processes
63
neuroscience
Study of the structure and function of the nervous system

Biopsych (1 decks)

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