exam 1 Flashcards
evolutionary theory
genes/replication, natural selection, fitness
Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
cognition
sociality
mind as subsystems
mind as subsystems
triune brain, we don’t have to think about breathing, walking, etc.
EEA years
2 million - 10,000 BC (Pleistocene Era)
mating
importance: so your genes get passed on
male strategies: spread widely
female strategies: spread wisely
theories of evolution
atheistic evolution
creationism
intelligent design
theistic evolution
creationism
God created the earth in 6 days or 6,000 years
intelligent design
things couldn’t have evolved on their own, there has to be something behind it
theistic evolution
God created us and evolution and is still involved in evolution
epigenetics
our genes are expressed within an environmental context
there’s possibility for change
key epigenetic studies
Jirtle
Esteller
Meaney
Jirtle
mice and diet, Agouti gene, soy diet could reverse fat, yellow gene
Esteller
identical twins, older twins have more differences in their phenotype
lifestyle choices and environmental exposures change epigenome
Meaney
rat mothers and offspring
cross-fostering: switching children
adult health is more impacted by mother’s behavior—stress response, ability to cope, etc.
aggression (EEA)
social hierarchies
altruism (EEA)
to make sure your genes survive by taking care of people who are close to you, able to get along in groups, hoping for reciprocation of kindness
A attachment style
avoidant
B attachment style
secure
C attachment style
anxious
D attachment style
disorganized/distrustful
Why does attachment matter?
sets the tone for temperament
classical conditioning
stimulus and associations, pairing
operant conditioning
rewards and punishments
most addictive reward schedule
variable interval and variable ratio
best way to treat phobias
exposure therapy
expectancies and values
Julian Rotter
there are such things as classical operant conditioning, but it’s not as simple as trying to condition a pigeon because we have different expectancies and values (what we think about things and how we value things is going to impact how we are conditioned by things)
observational learning
Bandura Bobo doll
people learn a lot by observing without conditioning
self-efficacy
sense of belief in self is related to success in life
microcontexts
room, setting, group, FHE example
macrocontexts
gender, race, socioeconomic status
low SES macrocontext
value obedience more, more worried about having a stable future and outcome
high SES macrocontext
more concerned about children having good experiences
modernity (culture)
closer to individualism, development of the self, enlightenment, moving away from Industrial Revolution, less collectivistic
The Hispanic Paradox
Hispanic immigrants are healthier than the average anglos even though they are low SES (they’re more socially and spiritually oriented).
As they acculturate over generations they are less healthy.
Theophrastus
first written trait taxonomies (half joking)
Eysenck
three key traits (introversion-extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism) RAS and arousal (central nervous system) underlie personality uncorrelated factors (so less factors) depressants/stimulants for introverts/extraverts
Cattell
factor analysis
16 personality factors
correlated factors (so more factors)
Allport
first to argue for traits in 20th century
importance of traits
common trait
personal disposition—cardinal disposition (one or two traits that describe you), central disposition (5-10 regularly occurring things), secondary disposition (less critical things)
Costa & McCrae
developed the NEO, contributed to 5 factors
Hogan
getting along and getting ahead (EEA stuff)
historical trait theories
body types, 4 humors, Theophrastus
5 factor models
Big 5
circumplex: personality as agentic vs. communion
super factors
Digman factors
socialization: agreeableness, conscientious, neuroticism
growth of self: extraversion, openness
construct validity
measuring what it says it’s measuring
top trait measures
NEO (normal, everyday people)
MMPI (clinical setting)
first MMPI
created by observing the family members of psychotic patients
Cattell - data
L-data (life data)
Q-data (questionnaire data)
lab data: test data
Cluster A
odd/eccentric—schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
Cluster B
emotionally unstable—histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, antisocial
Cluster C
anxiety—dependant, avoidant, OCPD
schizoid
disinterested in close relationships
schizotypal
more detached interpersonal style, more willing to interact with people, odd duck
paranoid
distrustful of others
histrionic
overly dramatic, want attention
narcissistic
overly strong opinion of yourself
borderline
like schizophrenics, but not quite
severe instability
antisocial
psychopathy/sociopathy, cruel, aggressive, criminal behavior
dependent
don’t want to make decisions for yourself
avoidant
fears criticism, feels inadequate in social situations
OCPD
worse than OCD because you don’t realize you have a problem, more moderate than OCD in symptoms
Walter Mischel
personality doesn’t predict behavior
aggregation is important
interactionism: situation and personality interact to produce behavior
Epstein
aggregation across studies improves prediction
mechanistic interactionism
straight up, need to know both situation and traits
reciprocal interactionism
there is no objective playing field, it depends on the personalities
conditional interactionism
Mischel, if/then statements
personality disorders
lasting, not a short-term reaction, markedly deviates from a person’s culture
reptilian brain
keeps you alive
limbic system
mammalian brain, emotions
neomammalian brain
thinking, planning
