Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

b. Cell Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

most abundant organic compound

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PLC-PKC pathway

A

PLC (phospholipase-c) cuts phosphatidyl inositol in the membrane and gives two secondary messengers – IP3 and DAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chaperones

A

Proteins that assist in protein folding during posttranslational processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sterol

A
  • 4-ring system
  • planar structure
  • non-polar tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most amino acids in what form?

A

L-form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

unit membrane hypothesis

A

Danielli-Davson model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

transport proteins often have ____ core

A

hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

raises in LDH levels indicates what?

A

raises in 1 and 2 means trouble (heart troubles); raises in 4 and 5 are normal post-exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

size exclusion chromatography

A

separates proteins by size of their native conformation; chemically inert beads in column with crevasses through them – smaller proteins take longer to come out and larger proteins come out first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

kinase

A

An enzyme that phosphorylates something else. Kinases are frequently used in regulatory pathways, phosphorylating other enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

specialized peroxisomes in plants responsible for converting stored fats into sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Slow wasting diseases

A

Scrapie (sheep), Kuru, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), Chronic Wasting Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

positive amino acids

A

Arginine, Histidine, Lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

intermediate filaments

A

plays structural role; includes lamins, keratins, desmin, cytokeratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Proteasomes

A

protein complex that recognizes and destroys ubiquinated proteins tagged for elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

GPI anchor

A

can attach proteins to cell membrane; modifying inositol with sugars for proteins on extracellular leaflet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Dicer

A

enzyme that cleaves and processes double-stranded RNA to produce siRNAs or miRNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Euchromatic

A

loosely packed and associated with areas of the DNA that are being expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

palmitic acid

A

C16, saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

finding an enzyme on a gel

A

can add a substrate that interacts with said enzyme to the gel; will give indication of position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

80s ribosomes respond to

A

cycloheximide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ribosome structure

A

made of small subunit and large subunit; 3-4 rRNAs and 50+ proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vacuoles more expressed when:

A

when they are stressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

energy organelles in plant cells

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria (oxidative phosporylation and photophosphorylation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

70s ribosomes respond to

A

chloramphenicol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

LDH in heart muscles

A

LDH-1 and LDH-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

amino acid as zwitterion

A

N with + and carboxl with -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where are vesicles made

A

ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ways to denature a protein

A

urea (breaks up hydrogen bonding) and heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Tay-Sachs caused by lack of _____

A

gangliosidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

membrane accommodation ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid

A

1 to 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Western Blot

A

used to identify specific amino-acid sequences in proteins; Visualize using radioactive probes (antibodies) that are complementary to proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

SDS Page staining used

A

coomassie blue – stains all proteins; silver stain for small samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

amphipathic alpha helix

A

alpha helix side groups are of mixed character between non-polar and charged/polar groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

disulfide bridge protein structure level

A

tertiary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

confluent growth

A

Growth covering a complete area; individual colonies cannot be distinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

An inherited genetic disease that is caused by lack of and enzyme necessary to break down lipids necessary for normal brain function and results in seizures, blindness, and early death; common in Ashkenazi Jews; lacks Hex-A in lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

autophagy

A

A process in which cells recycle their own organic material through the use of hydrolytic enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

TNBS

A
  • reacts with phospholipids
  • makes the phospholipid more soluble
  • TNBS cannot go through the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

proteins made by rough er

A

membrane-bound proteins and secreted proteins that are modified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

nuclear lamina

A

A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

culture growth of stem cells where feeder layer supports growth stem cell growth

A

feeder layer made of fibroblasts, good for experimental use but not good for clinical since fibroblasts aren’t coming from humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

when does nuclear envelope disintegrates

A

prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Horseradish peroxidase: colorless → _____

A

brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

siRNA

A

small interfering RNA. siRNA is endogenous or exogenous. Exhibits perfect base pairing with target mRNA. Silences specific mRNA via cleavage and degradation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

autophagosomes

A

secondary lysosomes that are involved in the digestion of a cell’s own organelles. the metabolites obtained through the intracellular digestion are reutilized within the cell’s cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

of amino acids

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

flow cytometry / FACS use with cell cyle

A

can get cells that are from specific phases of the cell cycle; use DAPI or ethidium bromide to bind to DNA to make them fluorescent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

SDS-PAGE problems

A
  • difficult to make gel - agarose is too large - polyacrylamide gel – polymerization has to be anoxic - only view 100 most abundant protein - disrupts proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

tubulin differences among eukaryotes

A

highly conserved across eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

histone

A

protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

microfilaments

A

Thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. Made of semiflexible protein actin. Involved in cell motility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

at physiological pH, which amino acids are negative and which are positive

A

negative = Asp, Glu positive = Lys, Arg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

eukaryotic flagella structure

A

9+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

examples of established cell lines

A

embryonic cells and cancer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

LDH in skeletal muscle

A

LDH-4 and LDH-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

ion exchange column (chromatography)

A

uses difference in charge for separating; beads in column are charged; proteins bind with different affinities based on charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

adherent dependent cells and what we do about it

A

Cells from tissue are dissociated with trypsin or collagenase and grown as monolayer (fibroblast) or suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

baculovirus

A

a virus containing a gene of interest that is used to infect insect cell lines, which then express the protein at high levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

kinase inhibitor

A

Molecule that resembles ATP and blocks active site (competitive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

problems with the Danielle-Davson model

A
  1. membrane would have been too thick; 2. freeze-fracture showed presence of integral proteins, but DD thought proteins were all peripheral; 3. doesn’t account for hydrophobicity – having hydrophobic proteins outside of membrane would be interacting with hydrophilic aqueous environment, which is not likely
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

golgi

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

transduction

A

using virus to transfer DNA into cell; we use lentiviral vectors which are unarmed viruses and work retrovirally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

flippase enzyme

A

flips phospholipid from outer to inner leaflet

Enzyme embedded in plasma membrane; functions to move lipids from one face to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

hydrophobicity and charges of a single-pass integral membrane

A

hydrophobic amino acids on part of protein going through the membrane, charged amino acids at the edges just past the membrane at the phospholipid phosphate ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

creator of 2D gels

A

O’Farrel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

microbodies

A

lysosomes, peroxisomes, glyoxysomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

FACS - fluorescence activated cell sorter (flow cytometry)

A

tube so thin that cells line up single file; laser beam focused on tube – counts cells and can detect color of cell; can program set-up to dispose of a certain color of cells, cells diverted by having a charge added to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

2D electrophoresis

A

a type of electrophoresis that is the combination of SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focussing; done if 2 proteins possess similar MWs or pIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

density gradient centrifugation

A

Separation based on density; tube with increasing density of sucrose; homogenate pipetted on top; spin; organelles travel down tube until reached just above layer that is denser than it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

affinity column

A

a column filled with beads that have substrate affixed to it; the only proteins that remain in the column are the proteins that interact with the substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Prosthetic Groups

A

Tightly-bound cofactors or coenzymes necessary for enzyme function (e.g. iron in hemoglobin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

prion

A

Any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins, that proliferate by inducing the normal protein to convert to the abnormal form, and that in mammals include pathogenic forms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

domains

A

part of a protein that has a specific function and conserved structure; Shows that proteins have not been developed from scratch, but used one base that worked well and built off/deviated from that; Kinase domains, transmembrane domain, signal domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

metazoan

A

multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

growth method if we worry that trypsin will degrade proteins

A

can use a plate that cells be by easily scraped off of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

length of integral protein transmembrane span in amino acids

A

20-25 amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

phalloidin

A

binds actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

largest cell in human

A

human egg (0.1 mm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

average molecular weight of amino acids

A

115 kDa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

protein movement in a membrane

A

move around quickly and fluidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

of a.a. per turn alpha-helix

A

3.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

“single pass”

A

transmembrane protein that passes through the membrane once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

open cells for cell fractionation need to be:

A

isotonic, buffered, chilled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Nickel Column (immobilized metal affinity chromatography)

A

Nickel columns are used for immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) for the purification of recombinant proteins with a polyhistidine tag on either terminus. The most common tag is a hexahistidine tag (6xHis tag or His6 tag). A recombinant protein with a 6xHis tag has a high affinity for nickel, whereas most other proteins will either bind with low affinity, or not at all.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

MPF

A

A cyclin-Cdk complex that causes the cell to move from interphase into mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

zwitterion

A

Amphoteric (reacts as acid or base) compound with no net electric charge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

mitochondria

A

Enclosed by two membranes with the inner membrane folded; contains its own naked, circular DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

primary cell line

A

A line of tissue culture cells created directly from the tissue itself. Can be passed a limited number of times (Hayflick limit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

sphingomyelin structure

A

phosphate and choline at carbon 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

model organism: bacteria

A

conjugation, metabolism, cell cycle, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

membrane synthesis in bacteria

A

cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

CMC

A

critical micelle concentration (CMC) is defined as the concentration of surfactants above which micelles form and all additional surfactants added to the system go to micelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

nucleolus

A

The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

amyloid protein

A

an abnormal protein in the brain of patients with alzheimers disease; Changes the activity of TAU which makes microtubules that transport vesicles down an axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

baculovirus in human cell lines

A

can get DNA into humans, but cannot reproduce in human i.e. cannot infect human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

amount of inner membrane compared to outer membrane

A

10x more internal membrane in total than plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

rubisco

A

(ribulose carboxylase) is the enzyme that catalyses the first step of photosynthesis (probably the most abundant protein on Earth).

100
Q

peptide bond stability

A

peptide bonds have resonance, rotate around alpha-carbon

101
Q

isoenzyme / isozyme

A

enzymes that catalyse the same reaction but are encoded by different genes

102
Q

primary structure

A

order of amino acids bases

103
Q

marker enzyme: cytosol

A

Phosophofructokinase

104
Q

tubulin

A

globular protein composing microtubules

105
Q

ubiquination in cell division

A

Cyclin is ubiquinated and MPF targets

106
Q

non-covalent interactions (4)

A

Ionic bonds, Hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and the hydrophobic effect

107
Q

electroporation

A

A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membrane, through which DNA can enter.

108
Q

cytoskeletal filaments (3)

A
  1. microfilaments; 2. microtubules 3. intermediate filaments
109
Q

beta-pleated sheets

A

polypeptide backbone with kinks; 3.4 a.a. per turn

110
Q

Danielli and Davson

A

measured surface tension of lipid droplets in artificial plasma membrane they made and found that it did not match actual cell; added proteins and found that tension matched better; inaccurately believed that proteins sit on the membrane on internal and external surfaces

111
Q

where are membranes produced?

A

smooth ER

112
Q

examples of chaperones

A

Hsp 70 and Hsp 90, BIP in ER

113
Q

callus

A

cells growing out of control; consistency of apple sauce; could get callus from one plant and clone millions of copies expressions of genes in cultured cells

114
Q

transient expression vs. stable expression

A

transient – no DNA insertion into host genome, DNA lost after cell division, quick and easy but not control over protein expression stable – DNA inserted into host genome, selection pressure to maintain plasmid

115
Q

smooth ER

A

Fats and lipid metabolism; Phospholipid membrane factory of the cell

116
Q

marker enzyme: peroxisome

A

catalase

117
Q

cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.

118
Q

model organism: virus

A

protein transport, DNA/protein synthesis

119
Q

chromosome locations

A

controlled in the nucleus

120
Q

beta barrel

A

large beta-sheet that twists and coils to form a closed structure in which the first strand is hydrogen bonded to the last. Beta-strands in beta-barrels are typically arranged in an antiparallel fashion.

121
Q

freeze-fracture process for studying membranes

A

cells frozen with liquid nitrogen then hit with hammer; break along frozen line so lipids stay intact –> showed that there are membrane-spanning proteins in a membrane

122
Q

what animal cells have that plant cell doesn’t

A

plant cells have everything that animal cells have

123
Q

stearic acid

A

C18, saturated

124
Q

chromatin

A

Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones

125
Q

passaging a culture / splitting a culture

A

a subculture is a new cell or microbiological culture made by transferring some or all cells from a previous culture to fresh growth medium. This action is called subculturing or passaging the cells. Subculture is used to prolong the life and/or expand the number of cells or microorganisms in the culture.

126
Q

transient transfection

A

inducing genes in a mammalian cell culture, cDNA placed in a plasmid vector of viral origin of replication … cultured cells are transfected … some will retain the plasmid and some will lose it … protein from the cDNA in the plasmid DNA expressed in transfected cells

127
Q

saturated lipid

A

contains all single bonds between carbons in long fatty acid chains; usually solid at room temperature

128
Q

isoelectric focusing (IEF)

A

separates proteins based on charge; uses a pH gradient; protein stops when isoelectric point (pI) matches pH

129
Q

acidic amino acids

A

Asp, Glu

130
Q

homoviscous adaptation found in:

A

bacteria, plants, protozoa, hibernating animals, poikilothermic animals

131
Q

nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane perforated with screen-like pores that control the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

132
Q

Southern Blot

A

Detects specific regions of DNA by running the DNA through a gel matrix and using a labeled nucleic acid probe that binds to a specific region of the genome

133
Q

T-flask

A

used for growing culture; named by the size of area on bottom i.e. T-25 is one with 25 cm^2 area on the bottom

134
Q

model organism: roundworm (metazoan)

A

C. elegans; very few cells (929) so cells can be mapped; used in discovery of apoptosis process and genes

135
Q

amino acids and alpha helix – good and not good

A

ala is good. lys is bad because of charge. trp is bad because too big. proline bad because makes bend.

136
Q

1st protein sequenced

A

insulin with Fred Sanger via Edman degradation

137
Q

70s ribosomes found in

A

prokaryotic cells

138
Q

peripheral proteins

A

are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all. Instead, the are loosely bound to the surface of the protein, often connected to integral proteins or fatty tail

139
Q

hydrophobicity of cholesterol

A

cholesterol is amphipathic

140
Q

who refined the SDS-PAGE test

A

Laemmli

141
Q

unsaturated lipid

A

contains one double bond between two carbons in long fatty acid chains; usually liquid at room temperature

142
Q

Hsp discoverty

A

o Radioactively label newly synthesized amino acids, follow them in order to determine new protein → view using Autoradiography • Increase temp near 40 degrees Celsius and most proteins were not observed (denatured) but saw lots of heat shock proteins (HSP) o Fruit Flies • Use 3H-leu or 35S-met

143
Q

model organism: zebrafish

A

transparent embryo

144
Q

blood cell growth – adherant?

A

blood cells don’t adhere to anything – grow well in tubes

145
Q

disadvantage of monolayer cell growth and how to combat this

A

monolayer of cells is not physiologically similar to in vivo environment; can grow cells in 3D culture –> get clumps of cells growing instead which is more realistic

146
Q

phosphatidic acid

A

common precursor for both triacylglycerols and glycerophospholipids; acts asa bridge to connect other molecules

147
Q

test used to find LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)

A

isoelectric focusing and substrate added to gel

148
Q

Prpc vs. Prpsc

A

Prpc: normal version (primarily alpha-helix); Prpsc: infected version (conformational change in secondary and tertiary structures) –> accumulation of rigid B-pleated sheets

149
Q

lipofectamine

A

essentially phospholipids that coat DNA and make a micelle of coated DNA; can then meet up with cell and get DNA into the cell

150
Q

how to remove bound proteins in ion exchange chromatography

A

use high salt. concentration fluid

151
Q

acylation

A

acyl contains a double bonded oxygen atom and an alkyl group; process of adding this group

152
Q

hydrophobic interaction columns (HIC)

A

uses the properties of hydrophobicity to separate proteins from one another. In this type of chromatography, hydrophobic groups such as phenyl, octyl, or butyl, are attached to the stationary column.

153
Q

heterochromatic

A

transcriptionally inactive DNA; tightly wound

154
Q

gene families

A

Groups of related genes within an organism’s genome as a result of molecular phylogenies that have taken into account repeated duplications

155
Q

column chromatography

A

uses a column with packed material to separate proteins; helpful for getting a lot of a particular protein

156
Q

secondary structure

A

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain; a-helix and B-pleated sheets

157
Q

disulfide bridge

A

Strong covalent bonds formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.

158
Q

fluorography and new proteins

A

Fluorography → Newly Synthesized Proteins; Use radioisotopes (3H-leu and 35S-met) → put gel on x-ray film using autoradiography

159
Q

ribosomes membrane-bound?

A

no

160
Q

Robertson

A

observed train track appearance in cell membrane

161
Q

weak bonds characterized by:

A

need large quantity for strength, short distances, complimentary shape, lots of surface touching, occur spontaneuosly

162
Q

integral proteins

A

penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, often completely spanning the membrane (as transmembrane proteins).

163
Q

telling monomers and dimers apart in SDS-PAGE

A

can’t tell the difference between monomer and dimer – need a native gel to tell the difference

164
Q

marker enzyme: lysosome

A

Acid Phosphatase

165
Q

phospholipids

A

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; makes up membrane bilayers of cells; hydrophobic interiors and hydrophillic exteriors

166
Q

lysosome

A

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

167
Q

CAAX

A 
c = cysteine to be prenylated
a.a. = alipathic amino acid
x = determines enzyme specificity
168
Q

microtubules

A

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella; guides on which vesicles move within the cell

169
Q

membrane component that is an indicator of an apoptotic cell

A

phosphatidyl serine is normally found in the inner leaflet of the cell, but an apoptotic cell expresses it on the outer membrane

170
Q

amino acid from which proteins get hydrogen when phosphorylated

A

serine, threonine, tyrosine

171
Q

experiment that showed protein movement in membrane

A

human membrane with human proteins was attached to a mouse membrane with mouth proteins; could see that the human and mouse proteins intermixed quickly –> fluidity of cell membrane proteins

172
Q

“cells are sugar-coated”

A

see lots of glycosylated membrane-bound proteins, cell surface has lots of glycosylation and surface markers made of sugar

173
Q

quarternary protein

A

functional subunits

174
Q

things often added to phosphatidic acid on phospholipid

A

serine (phosphatidyl serine) , choline (phosphatidyl choline), inositol (phosphatidyl inositol), ethanolamine (phosphatidyl ethanolamine)

175
Q

oleic acid

A

C18, unsaturated

176
Q

marker enzyme: mitochondria

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

177
Q

erythrocyte membrane

A

devoid of internal membrane; nice source of outer membrane

178
Q

percentage of proteins misfolded

A

o 30% error in the process (has mistakes) → quickly degraded • half-life about 10 min

179
Q

Stanley Prusiner

A

discovered and isolated prions

180
Q

homoviscous adaptation

A

Ability to maintain optimal membrane fluidity in the face of drastic temperature change. Most commonly achieved by increasing the ratio of unsaturated vs. saturated fatty acids in membrane when environment temperature drops.

181
Q

cationic exchange chromatography

A

bead is negative

182
Q

where are beta-pleated sheets found

A

structural proteins (silk fibroin)

183
Q

why can cholesterol get into membrane so easily?

A

looks enough like phospholipid that it can fit into the cell membrane; amphipathic nature

184
Q

glycoprotein functions

A
  • membrane stability (resist protease attack)

- cell-cell recognition

185
Q

phosphatidyl inositol importance

A

cell signaling

186
Q

Reasons for Viewing Actin as a Control

A

Use actin as a loading control in order to ensure the same amount of protein is loaded into each lane → equal size bands b/c actin and tubulin are housekeeping genes which should always have the same amount

187
Q

SDS PAGE

A

This is a specific type of gel electrophoresis for proteins. SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) is used to denature the proteins into their primary form and surround them with negative charges. The proteins are then placed into a gel (polyacrylamide) and run through gel electrophoresis. The smallest proteins will travel the most amount of distance towards the positive pole, while the largest proteins will travel the least amount of distance; logarithmic separation

188
Q

double unit membrane organelles

A

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

189
Q

membrane asymmetry

A

composition of inner membrane much different from the composition of the outer leaflet

190
Q

prenylation

A

posttranslational modification involving addition of lipid groups to certain membrane bound enzymes

191
Q

tonoplast

A

membrane that surrounds the large vacuole in a mature plant cell

192
Q

model organism: plant

A

arabidopsis thaliana – whole genome is known

193
Q

ceramide

A

The simplest sphingolipid, with a single hydrogen as its head group.

194
Q

differential centrifugation

A

Procedure for separating cellular components according to their size and density by spinning a cell homogenate in a series of centrifuge runs. After each run, the supernatant is removed from the deposited material (pellet) and spun again at progressively higher speeds.

195
Q

antibody-affinity column

A

an affinity column that uses an antibody to interact with the proteins

196
Q

Super-Secondary Structure s

A

certain combinations are present in many proteins and frequently exhibit similar functions; motifs and domains

197
Q

quantifying phospholipid synthesis

A

can radioactive phosphate tag glycerol phosphate labeled newly synthesized phospholipids

198
Q

membrane composition diversity

A

depends on where on membrane we’re looking

199
Q

nonionic detergent

A
  • helps with solubility without denaturing

- helps lift proteins up into aqueous environment

200
Q

phase transition temperature of membrane caused by:

A
  • length of fatty acid
  • degree of saturation of hydrocarbon chains
  • cholesterol
201
Q

density gradient centrifugation without sucrose

A

use a couple of long polymers to get osmotic pressure; Ficoll-Paque

202
Q

fluorography

A

A method used to visualize substances present in gels, blots or other biochemical separations. In fluorography, radioactively labeled substances emit radiation that excites a molecule known as fluor.

203
Q

RISC

A

RNA induced silencing complex; large protein complex incorporated by the miRNA to target mRNAs because of the base pairing rule

204
Q

tertiary structure

A

how distant regions of a protein interact with one another

205
Q

microns in a millimeter

A

100 microns in 1 mm

206
Q

mercaptoethanol

A

reducing agent to break disulfide bonds

207
Q

crista of mitochondria

A

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

208
Q

exosomes

A

cells can release small vesicles and on the vesicles they will have small receptors that can attach to other cells, thus allowing the release of the vesicles content into the second cell

209
Q

advantage of isoelectric focusing

A

proteins not denatured

210
Q

Alkaline Phosphatase: colorless → _____

A

blue

211
Q

Hsp 70

A

blocks hydrophobic patches from interacting with 1-another → prevents misfold

212
Q

peripheral proteins

A

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

213
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A

Make membrane permeable with a detergent and label with a fluorescent antibody

214
Q

Northern Blot

A

Similar technique [to Southern], except that Northern blotting involves radioactive DNA probe binding to sample RNA .

215
Q

alpha-helix left or right handed

A

right-handed

216
Q

model organism: yeast

A

single cell eukaryote, cell division and mutant searching, cell cycle control genes; Saccharomyces cerevisiae

217
Q

model organism: mammal

A

mouse

218
Q

example of super-coiled alpha-helix

A

collagen

219
Q

Singer - Nicolson

A

proposed fluid mosaic model with integral proteins

220
Q

beta-pleated sheet favored by what amino acid

A

glycine

221
Q

lipid rafts

A

Specific proteins and lipids can gather into specific regions of a biological membrane to perform specific functions such as cell signaling or transport functions; specialized domains often form lipid rafts.

222
Q

vesicle production to outside of cell travel routes

A

travels through ER-Golgi axis and secretion vesicle formed then exocytosis

223
Q

cell ultrastructure

A

structures that are too small to be seen with a optical microscope; needs beam of e- to penetrate tissue

224
Q

most prominent protein in humans

A

collagen

225
Q

hydrophobic amino acids

A

Alanine (Ala), Valine (Val), Isoleucine (Ile), Leucine (Leu), Methionine (Met), Phenylalanine (Phe), Tryptophan (Trp)

226
Q

established cell culture

A

a permanently established cell culture that will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space. lines differ from cell strains in that they have escaped the Hayflick limit and become immortalised

227
Q

amphipathic

A

molecule with hydrophilic and hydrophilic areas

228
Q

insulin secreted by:

A

pancreas

229
Q

peptide bond formation

A

covalent linkage between two amino acid units in a polypeptide - formed through dehydration between two amino acids

230
Q

Controlled Degradation of Damaged Proteins

A

Proteasomes w/ ubiquitin labeling

231
Q

matrix of mitochondria

A

where krebs cycle takes place; innermost part of mitochondria

232
Q

peroxisomes

A

catalases used to neutralize reactive oxygen species

233
Q

CDK

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase, regulate cell cycle. Require a cyclin to function

234
Q

ganglioside

A

more than one sugar on #3 carbon

235
Q

sphingolipids

A

Have a sphingosine or sphingoid backbone. They have a long-chain, nonpolar fatty acid tail, and polar head group

236
Q

80s ribosomes found in

A

eukaryotic

237
Q

Gortner and Grendel

A

discovered membrane has bilayer; estimated surface layer of cells and added phospholipids to surface of water and found that surface of water covered was double what was predicted –> indicated bilayer

238
Q

flow cytometry / FACS with cell surface markers

A

can use fluorescent antibodies to mark cell surface of cells and can then separate using FACS

239
Q

specialized container with two layers of media

A

can have a specialized container for growth that has an apical medium above and a basal medium below

240
Q

integral proteins

A

Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

241
Q

plant cell components not found in animal cells

A

cell wall, chloroplasts, prominent vacuoles (small, infrequent vacuoles in animal cells)

242
Q

Alternate Shorter Method of Western Blot used for common proteins

A

o Use primary anti-body with a dye attached such as cy-5 that is lab created; • Only exist for very common proteins and are expensive; o OR, more practical (still expensive), use secondary anti-body w/ dye; • Goat anti-rabbit-antibody that binds all rabbit antibodies

243
Q

SDS

A

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; a detergent that is known to denature proteins; long hydrophobic tail; makes a protein’s hydrophobic area more hydrophilic

244
Q

motif

A

repeated patterns of secondary structures for a distinct function; Leucine Zipper/Coil-Coil, helix-loop-helix, Zinc-Finger

245
Q

most prominent protein in the world

A

rubisco

b. Cell Physiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions