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Biology 100 > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of life

A

Composed of cells and unique molecular structure

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2
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

Very small- 1/100th size of a of a bacterial cell, not a cell though. “Protein coat” takes from membrane host cell. Contains some genetic material but not enough to replicate by itself. Must infect other organisms and the use their cells and DNA to replicate.
NO THEY ARE NOT ALIVE BECAUSE THEY CAN’T REPRODUCE ON THEIR OWN!

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3
Q

Linnaean taxonomy- categorizing life by genetic relatedness

A

Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand

Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order 
Family 
Genus
Species
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4
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

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5
Q

Taxonomy of a black bear

A 
Eukarya
Anamalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora 
Ursidae
Arctos
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6
Q

Human taxonomy

A 
Eukarya 
Anamalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primates
Hominidae
Homo
Sapiens
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7
Q

Members of the hominidae

A 
Mountain gorilla 
Lowland gorilla 
Chimpanzees 
Sumatran orangutan 
Bonobo 
Bornean orangutan
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8
Q

What is biology?

A

Bio=life Logia= study of

Study of life

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9
Q

Life is defined by?

A

The characteristics of life

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10
Q

Life can be organized

A

In many ways
Ex:
Increasing complexity- biological levels of organization

Genetic relatedness- Linnaean taxonomy

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11
Q

What is science ?

A

An objective method of understanding the natural world and Abbie of knowledge

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12
Q

What is a theory ?

A

Collections of unifying insights (explanations) and supporting facts.

Theories have explanatory power

Facts support theories

Theory is a collection of principals, supported by evidence (facts) that explains some aspect or phenomenon of nature.

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13
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Based on observations and measurements or (experiments)

From observations come questions

From questions, formulate hypothesis

Test validity of hypothesis through further observation of experimentation.

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14
Q

Hypothesis ?

A

Plausible explanation for a natural phenomenon

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15
Q

Science is a process

A

Observation ➡️ hypothesis ➡️ prediction ➡️ experiment/further observation ➡️ results ➡️ conclusion

If the the results support the conclusion make a new prediction!

If the results don’t support the conclusion revise hypothesis!

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16
Q

Louis pastuers

A

Test of the spontaneous generation of life!

People in the early 1800 believed life regularly arose from the coming together of chemicals.

Pastuers hypothesis - cases of spontaneous generation of life could be explain by microscopic airborne organisms.

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17
Q

Scientific method

A

A statement is “scientific” if an objective method can be stated by which it can be disproven

Testable
Refutable
Repeatable

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18
Q

Other ways of perceiving the world

A

Religious, aesthetic, ethical

Not scientific -often useful perspectives

Assertions are not disproven in the scientific sense

And are based ultimately on- faith, beliefs, cultural, or personal values

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19
Q

Science does not address questions that are

A

Metaphysical (outside the physical world) or involve value judgements, such as issues of beauty or good and evil

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20
Q

Pseudoscience ?

A

Pseudo = false

Often referred to as “junk science”
Presented as scientifically valid but in fact not scientific.

Untestable
Lack empirical support
Based on faulty reasoning
Poor methodology

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21
Q

When does chemistry merge with life?

A

At cellular level

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22
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and mass.

Liquids
Solids
Gases

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23
Q

What is an element?

A

Pure form of matter containing only one kind of atom

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24
Q

What is an atom?

A

Smallest particle of an element. It cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical process.
Earth is made up of <100 elements + some others

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25
Q

Subatomic particles ?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Elections

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26
Q

Protons

A

Positive charge, have mass, used to determine identity.

Different # of protons = different element

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27
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge, have mass, # can change

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28
Q

Electrons

A

Negative charge, mass is almost not there but still there, # can change

Orbit around nucleus shell “energy levels” of electrons

Inner shell may hold 2 electrons and it has to fill first

Outer shell holds up to 8

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29
Q

How big are atoms

A

Extremely small

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30
Q

How much of the mass of an atom does the nucleus contain?

A

99.9%

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31
Q

Elemental composition of organisms

A 
Organism (sea lion)
             ⬇️
Organ (brain)
             ⬇️
Cell (neuron) 
             ⬇️
Molecule (water)
             ⬇️
Atom (hydrogen)
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32
Q

Number of elements important to life?

A

25

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33
Q

Atomic number?

A

of protons

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34
Q

Atomic mass?

A

of protons and neutrons

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35
Q

Elements in humans

A 
CHNOPS
Carbon 19.37%
Hydrogen 9.31%
Nitrogen 5.14%
Oxygen 62.81%
Phosphorus 0.63%
Sulfur 0.64%
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36
Q

How many protons in carbon?

A

6

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37
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of a particular element all have the same number of protons but differ in # of neutrons

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38
Q

Carbon 12, 13, and 14

A

12 is stable because it has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 elections

13 is still considered stable
14 is radioactive

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39
Q

Valence electrons?

A

Electrons in the outer most shell

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40
Q

7 P,N, and E =

A

Nitrogen

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41
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Bonds between atoms form chemical energy

Atoms form bonds because it moves them to a more stable state

Atoms have a propensity to attain complete shells thus becoming more stable

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42
Q

Molecular formulas
Water=
Oxygen gas=
Glucose=

A

Water = H2O

Oxygen gas= O2

Glucose = C6H12O6

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43
Q

Three types of bonds ?

A

Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen

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44
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

Ex: an atom of oxygen is almost always bound to some other atom(s), often O2 or H2O

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45
Q

Law of conservation of mass?

A

Matter can not be neither created more destroyed in chemical reactions.

E=mc^2

Energy is the same law. Cannot be created or destroyed

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46
Q

Molecule?

A

Group of atoms bonded together it is the smallest fundamental unit of chemical compounds.

Atoms may be the same element or different

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47
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Transfer of electrons between atoms.

In neutral atoms: electrons = protons

Lose or gain of electrons and an atom takes on an electrical charge either (- or +)

Ion= charged atom

Oppositely charges atoms attract

Ex: sodium chloride sodium gives an electron to make salt

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48
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds between already covalently bonded hydrogen and an electronegative atom.

Polarity

In water, the oxygen atom is much more electronegative than the two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to it.

Gives water unique properties
Great solvent

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49
Q

Polar vs nonpolar covalent bonds

A

Nonpolar- where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other.

Polar- is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

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50
Q

Hydrogen bonding among water molecules

A

Already covalently bonded hydrogen with an electro negative atom.

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51
Q

Hydrophilic ?

A

Water loving!

Compounds that readily interact with what like salt

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52
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating!!

Compounds that water forms around like oil

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53
Q

Is sodium chloride hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Well sodium chloride is salt which dissolves (ionizes) in water and it’s not attracted to negative pole but attracted to oxygen therefore hydrophilic

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54
Q

Is water crucial to life?

A

Duh, life first evolved in water.
Life first evolved in water then colonized land.
To do so m, terrestrial organisms evolved to carry a water environment with them (inside them).

Vertebrates are 70%-80% water

Terrestrial plants are 90% water

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55
Q

Polarity

A

When there is an uneven distribution of charges on the two ends of a molecule. Allows water to interact with many substances. Main transport medium for organisms.

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56
Q

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds type of attraction and bond strength

A

Covalent- sharing of electrons strongest bond!!

Ionic- transfer of electrons still a strong bond but not the strongest.

Hydrogen bond- slight attraction between already covalently bonded hydrogen and an electronegative atom has a weak bond

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57
Q

Acids and bases

A

Water molecules can disassociate to produce ions

Acids yield H+ (hydrogen ions)

Bases accept H+

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58
Q

Example of acid ?

A

Hydrogen chloride (a covalently bonded, polar molecule) when it dissociates in water.

HCL ↔️ H+ + CL-

H+ released increases these ions in the solution.

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59
Q

Example of a base?

A

NaOH disassociate in water.

NaOH ↔️ Na+ + OH-

Hydroxide ions released react with hydrogen ions in the solution

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60
Q

pH?

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

pH levels

0 very acidic
7 neutral
14 basic

Based on log scale, 10 fold differences

(Moles/liter) scientific notation bs decimals

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61
Q

Buffers ?

A

Substances that keep pH from changing.

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62
Q

What maintains blood at a pH of 7.4?

A

Carbonic acid

63
Q

Biological molecules ?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

64
Q

Carbon ?

A

Backbone element of life, biological molecules have a carbon frame work.

Forms up to 4 covalent bonds

65
Q

Carbohydrates ?

A

Sugars and starches it is an energy source

66
Q

Simple carbohydrates ?

A

Simple sugars

Monosaccharides= 1 sugar (glucose or Fructose)
C6H12O6

Disaccharide = 2 sugars
Cactose

67
Q

Complex carbohydrates ?

A

Polysaccharides = many sugars Made of repeating unites

(Figure is hexagons connected in a chain)

(Chapter 2 part 2) lecture page 2

68
Q

Many macromolecules like complex carbohydrates are made up of repeating units generically called ?

A

Monomers

69
Q

How do monomers form ?

A

Through dehydration synthesis broken a part through hydrolysis

70
Q

Dehydration synthesis ?

A

Water being taken away

71
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Broken apart with water added

72
Q

Lipids?

A

Fats,oils,waxes
Can’t dissolve (insoluble) in water(non polar)

2 to 1 ratio of H to O

Major uses : energy, energy storage, insulation (poor conductor of heat), protection, cellular structure to function.

    H  H       H
     |   |         |
H-C-C-C= C-C-C=C
     |   |   |         |   |
    H  H H        H H
73
Q

Fatty acids ?

A

Carboxyl functional group
Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature “saturated with hydrogens”
O
=C (Look at pg.3 ch.2 pt.2)
/
O
|
H
Unsaturated fatty acids liquid at room temp
Room for hydrogens

Double bonds between carbons change physical shape of the molecule, thus it’s behavior

74
Q

Triglycerides ?

A

Three fatty acids bound to glycerol most common fat consumed in food.

75
Q

Phospholipids?

A

Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
Phospholipid bilayer

76
Q

Phospholipid bilayer ?

A

3D ball separating the inside of the cell from the outside

77
Q

Proteins ?

A

Molecules that facilitate biological functions.

78
Q

Proteins functions ?

A

Thousands of different type of functions
Enzyme- protein speeds chemical reaction
Transport- move other molecules
Contractile- muscle movements
Communication- cell to cell signals
Structural- physical or mechanical support
Protective- defend against invaders and cancer

79
Q

What are polymers ?

A

Large molecules made up of smaller units (monomers) called peptides

80
Q

Is protein a polymer?

A

Yes

81
Q

Peptides?

A

Small proteins

82
Q

Amino acids for protein

A

Building blocks of peptides and proteins

Know image on page 4!!

                  H
                   |
          R      O
H \      |    /
      N-C-C=O
H \      |
          H
83
Q

Amino acids

A

Number of types = 20

Essential = only obtained by humans from food

Non-essential= synthesized in body builds peptides, which then group to form bigger proteins polyp

84
Q

Protein structure ?

A

Primary = specific sequence of amino acids

Secondary = bending and coiling of amino acid chain

Tertiary = 3D folding of chain that lock protein domain into place

Quaternary= number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi subunit complex.

85
Q

Enzymes ?

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions!

Enzymes Are proteins but

Proteins are NOT enzymes

Very specific very few actions

Ex: Lactose hydrolysis adding water
Synthesis ➡️ Glucose

Lactase (an enzyme) breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

86
Q

DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Long polymers made up of sequences of nucleotides

87
Q

Nucleotides ?

A

Make RNA and DNA

Small molecule important for (1) energy transfer in cells and (2) store and transmission of genetic information

88
Q

Cellular energy transfer

A

Breaking and forming of bonds in ATP = release and storage of energy

89
Q

ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (3 phosphates)

“Energy currency of cells”

90
Q

ADP

A

Adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphates)

91
Q

Nucleotides used in genetic information

A

DNA made of nucleotides “bases”
Sequence of bases determines sequence of amino acids in proteins.

Adenine

(Guanine ) hydrogen bonds attracted
(Cytosine)

Thymine A=T and G=C

92
Q

Cells?

A

Smallest unit of life

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

93
Q

Prokaryotes

A

DNA dispersed in cell, very small, always single called, few organelles inside the cell

94
Q

Eukaryotes

A

DNA in nucleus, 100x larger, lots of organelles

95
Q

Animal cells

A

“Typical” = small, filled with fluid, surrounded and linked to other cells, and immersed in watery fluid. Everything going in and out of the cell must pass through the cell membrane

96
Q

Cell size (surface to volume ratio)

A

Small in size because of (surface to volume)

📦 1inch

Surface area = (H x W x Sides)
1inch height x 1inch width x 6sides =6

Volume = (H x W x L) (1x1x1) =1

 Answer is      (6:1)

🎁 6inchs

SA= (6x6x6)= 216
V=(6x6x6) = 216
Answer is (1:1)

97
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Selectively permeable membrane encompassing cells main structural component

Include : phospholipid bilayer

Embedded protein
Surface protein
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates

98
Q

Function of the plasma membrane ?

A

Regulation: chooses what goes into it (selectively permeable )

Cell recognition: might destroy what doesn’t belong.

Cell to cell communication

Cell-cell adhesions “CAMS”

99
Q

Movement through the plasma membrane

A

Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

100
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of SOLUTE from high to low concentration

101
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of WATER from high to low concentration

102
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement from high to low concentration using transfer proteins (carrier proteins)

103
Q

Active transport

A

From LOW to high concentration, requires energy and protein pumps.

Ex: cells contain higher Ca+ than surrounding fluids

104
Q

Protein pumps

A

Used energy to move stuff (ATP)

105
Q

Bulk transport

A

Endocytosis (IN)

Exocytosis (OUT)

106
Q

Endocytosis

A

(IN) movement of large molecules on large amounts of small molecules

107
Q

Exocytosis

A

(OUT) Movement of large molecules out of cells using membrane round “vesicles”

108
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Chooses what enters

109
Q

Organelles (small organs)

A 
Plasma membrane 
Nucleus 
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi complex 
Lysosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
110
Q

Nucleus ?

A

Contains most genetic info, bound by nuclear envelope (double membrane) produces RNA - which leaves the nucleus

111
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of channels connected to nuclear envelope and studded with ribosomes. Factories for protein synthesis. Amino acids chains are put together in ribosomes then processed into proteins with the ER, enclosed in vesicles for transport

112
Q

Golgi complex

A

Receives proteins, conducts further processing, sorting and packaging. Proteins used within the cell possibly in lysosomes or exported from the cell

113
Q

Lysosomes

A

Enzyme filled vesicles

114
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lacks ribosomes, found further away from nucleus rougher. Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, production of phospholipids

115
Q

Mitochondria

A

The power house of the cell. Extracts energy from breakdown of energy rich molecules to use in cells. Contains its own genetic info and ribosome. Double membrane

116
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
All of these structures are made mostly of protein inside cells

117
Q

Microtubules

A

Microscopic tubular structure in numbers in the cytoplasm sometimes coming together to form more complex structures

Straight hollow rods made of the protein tubulin.

118
Q

Microfilaments

A

Solid rods made of protein actin. These fibers are best known for their role in muscle contraction, where they slide past thicker filaments made of the protein myosin.

119
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Diverse group of rope-like fibers that maintain cell shape and anchor certain organelles in place.

120
Q

How do cells get energy from food?

A

Digest- (breakdown) macromolecules from food to simpler components (glucose)

Absorb- simpler molecules into blood streams which carries them to cells. Within the cell, extract energy stored in chemical bonds of energy rich molecules

Extract energy- cellular respiration

121
Q

Ultimately energy used by the vast majority of organisms for growth, survival, reproduction etc comes from?

A

The SUN

122
Q

Formula for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water ➡️ light energy (photosynthesis) ➡️ glucose + oxygen gas

6CO2+6H2O-photosynthesis-C6H12O6+6O2

123
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process by which cells derive energy from the breakdown of energy rich molecules like glucose

124
Q

Formula for cellular respiration

A

Opposite of photosynthesis

Glucose+oxygen-energy (ATP)-carbon dioxide + water

6O2+C6H12O6-(ATP)-6CO2+6H2O

125
Q

Energy?

A

Capacity to bring movement against an opposite force

126
Q

Types of energy ?

A

Potential and kinetic

127
Q

Potential energy?

A

Stored energy

128
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy in motion

129
Q

Model for ATP function

A

Look at cells(part 2)

130
Q

Steps to cellular respiration

A

How cells capture energy from breakdown of energy rich molecules like glucose.

  1. glycolysis
  2. transition reaction
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain
131
Q

What does it take in order to make ATP from a ADP and P-group?

A

Energy

132
Q

Glycolysis

A

Occurred in cytoplasm and does NOT require oxygen.

Splitting requires TWO ATP

But makes FOUR ATP (which really only makes a gain of 2 because you gave two to being with)

Splits glucose into “pyruvates”

Plus NADH transfer electrons from one molecule to another

NAD+ picks up 2 electrons and makes NADH

133
Q

Transition reaction

A

Pyruvates moved to mitochondria and prepared for CAC

Per pyruvate, produces Acetyl CoA
One carbon removed co2
NAD+
NADH. CoA
Acetyl CoA

Generates for each
1CO2
1NADH
CoA

134
Q

Citric acid

A

Completes break down of glucose
Produces per turn (each Acetylene CoA): happened twice because you get 2 CoA

2CO2
1ATP
3NADH
1FADH2

1 molecule of glucose 
4CO2
2ATP
6NADH
2FADH2

All carbon from original glucose molecules has broken up and disassembled

135
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are used extract electrons

Electrons then flow with (down) gradient through membrane proteins to make ATP

Low energy electrons eventually given to oxygen then water is made.

136
Q

So cellular respiration all together ?

A

4 steps produce 36 molecules of ATP per each molecule of glucose

137
Q

Is oxygen required for cellular respiration ?

A

YES!! Without oxygen there is nothing except the low energy electrons at the end of ECT.

Electron shuttles cannot release their electrons thus blocking

138
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Aka “anaerobic respiration” breakdown of glucose without oxygen!

Glycolysis modified

1 Pyruvate or more derivative receive electrons which act as final electron recipients

Produce a net of 2 ATP instead of 36!

139
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Occurs in our muscles during strenuous exercises

Oxygen in muscle cells is used to quickly it cannot be replaced quick enough

Cells allow lactic acid fermentation to ensure continued production of ATP

140
Q

What is life?

A

Characteristic distinguishing physical entities having biological processes such as signaling and self sustaining processes from those that do not.

141
Q

Characteristics of living organisms?

A 
Composed of cells
Different levels of organization
Use energy
Respond to their environment 
Grow
Reproduce 
Adapt to their environment 
Homeostasis
142
Q

Levels of biological organizations

A 
Atoms
Cells 
Tissue 
Organ systems 
Organisms
Population 
Community
Ecosystem 
Biosphere
143
Q

What is tissue?

A

Made of similar types of cells that work together.

144
Q

Organ system?

A

Made of different tissue types working together.

145
Q

Organisms ?

A

Single living thing that has all of the characteristics of life. Ex:dog

146
Q

Population?

A

All individuals of a particular type of organism that may interact in a particular place

147
Q

Community ?

A

All different types of organisms that may interact in a particular place

148
Q

Ecosystem ?

A

All different types of organisms, plus non-living (abiotic) components (things) necessary for their existence

149
Q

Biosphere ?

A

The portions of atmosphere, ocean and land where life exists on earth.

150
Q

Domains?

A

Most inclusive group!
Bacteria
Eukaryota
Archaea

151
Q

Bacteria and Archaea

A

Genetically very different groups of organisms but both groups are microscopic single cell (unicellular) organisms and both have prokaryotic cell structure - lack a nucleus, lack membrane bound organelles (ribosomes,cell walls, nucleoid, plasma membrane

152
Q

Domain: Eukarya

A

Unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Eukaryotic cells: complex (eukaryotic) cell structure - many bound organelles, DNA in nucleus

153
Q

_______ cells evolved before ______ cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells evolved before eukaryotic cells

154
Q

4 kingdoms in Eukarya?

A

Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

Biology 100 (1 decks)

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