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Microscopy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hook

A

used compound microscope in 1665 to observe “cells” from cork

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2
Q

Define Cone Cells

A

the eye receptors of the retina used for sensing color

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3
Q

Define Rod Cells

A

cells distinguishing levels of intensity

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4
Q

What is the basic set up of a microscope?

A

light
lends
source
detector

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5
Q

List the forms of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength.

A 
Gamma Rays
X-rays
Ultraviolet
Visible - R.O.Y.G.B.I.V.
Infrared
Microwaves
Radio
-AM
-FM
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6
Q

Why do biologists primarily use infrared?

A

use it for biological tissue because of less scattering and deep penetration

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7
Q

Define Transparency

A

allows objects to be seen clearly through it

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8
Q

Define Opacity

A

the condition of lacking transparency

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9
Q

What are the properties of light?

A

wave
-periodic osillation that transmit energy through space
-3 parts; wavelength, amplitude, frequency
particle

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10
Q

True or False

All objects emit electromagnetic radiation.

A

True

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11
Q

UV Catastrophe

A

based on wave theory of light, classical physics predicts that energy increases as wavelength decreases (continuous relationship)

it is not a continuous relationship (bell-curve)

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12
Q

What two components are always perpendicular to each other in electromagnetic radiation?

A

electrical and magnetic

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13
Q

Name the three problems to overcome to improve resolution

A

Chromatic Aberration
Spherical Aberration
Lack of Light

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14
Q

Chromatic Aberration

A
  • unequal bending of different wavelengths of light

- creates bluish halo

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15
Q

Spherical Aberration

A

light rays that pass through different parts of lens (center vs periphery) focus to different points

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16
Q

Name the types of lens

A

convex
plano-convex
concave
plano-concave

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17
Q

Achromatic Doublet Lens

A

-look like plano-concave

designed to eliminate chromatic and spherical aberrations inherent in singlet lenses

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18
Q

Black-Body Radiation

A
  • an opaque and non-reflective body that is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its surroundings
  • an E.M. radiation given off by a this emitter
  • at room temperature, the object emits most of its energy as I.R. and absorbs all visible light thus appearing black
    ex) planets and stars
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19
Q

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

A

relates total energy emitted is directly proportional to the 4th power of temperature

20
Q

If two waves with the same frequency and speed are present, the wave with the higher or lower amplitude has greater energy?

A

higher

21
Q

Abbe’s Theory of Image Formation

A

Condenser Iris
Condenser Lens
Specimen
Objective Lens
Objective Rear Focal Plane (diffraction on pattern)
-this part determines the specimen using diffraction pattern
(if I don’t get all of the diffraction pattern, I don’t get the entire image)

22
Q

Numerical Aperature

A
  • NA

- measures of light bending by the material

23
Q

True or False

Higher NA = Shorter Working Distance

A

True

24
Q

What is the difference between Ernest Abbe’s and Sir Raleigh’s limits of resolution equations?

A

Sir Raleigh’s equations takes into account contributions due to diffraction

25
Q

True or False

Higher NA Objective = Worse Resolution

A

False

26
Q

Point Spread Function

A
  • P.S.F

- describes the optical systems response to a point source

27
Q

True or False

Resolution depends on the NA and wavelength of light

A

True

28
Q

True or False

As wavelength gets longer (blue to red) resolution will become better

A

False

29
Q

Frank - Condon Principle

A

Electric distribution changes occur more rapidly compared to bond angles and distances

30
Q

Bathochromic Shift

A

The more conjugation a molecule has, the more it leads to increased shift to longer wavelengths for absorption

31
Q

Why is there a difference of broading peaks between a gas and a solution?

A
  • gases produce sharp absorption and emission bands because of the space between molecules
  • molecules in solution do not produce sharp absorption/emission bands due to electronic, vibrational and rotational bonds transitions (more molecules to interact with
32
Q

True or False

Most fluorescence molecules are aromatic

A

True

33
Q

Name 3 Optical Instruments

A 
camera
binocular
telescope
spectrophotometer
spectrofluorimeter
microscope
34
Q

Name 3 Critical Components of Optical Instruments

A 
light sources
optical filters
monochrometors
polarizers
lens
detectors
35
Q

Name 3 Light Sources

A 
sunlight
candles
gas flame
Tungsten-Halogen Lamp
Xenon Arc Lamp
Lasers
LEDs
36
Q

Tungsten-Halogen Lamp

A
  • used due to high melting point

- poor emission efficiency (wavelength dependent) (as wavelength increases, molar absorbing decreases)

37
Q

Arc Lamp

A
  • 10 to 100x brighter than Tungsten-Halogen Lamp

- shorter lifespan

38
Q

Name the three types of instability of Arc Lamps

A

arc wander
arc flare
arc flutter

39
Q

LASERS

A
  • light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

- electrons are brought to excited state triggering a chain reaction

40
Q

LEDs

A
  • long operating lifetimes
  • excellent temporal and spatial stability
  • lowest operating temperatures due to fully reversible photoelectric effect
41
Q

What does brightness of image depend on?

A

depends on source of brightness and magnification

42
Q

What are the three types of Optical Filters?

A
  • band pass (allow only a limited number of wavelength of light to pass)
  • long pass (only allow wavelength of light longer than the specificed cutoff to pass)
  • neutral density (not specific to wavelength rather used to adjust the intensity or brightness of a light source used for imaging)
43
Q

Monochromator

A
  • diffract light (separate visible wavelengths)
44
Q

Polarized Light

A
  • a light where a component of the E.M. radiation is blocked
45
Q

Birefigent Materials

A
  • materials whose refractive index depends on the polarization and propagation of light
  • aka a double refraction created from the material
46
Q

Name 3 types of Detectors

A
  • human eye
  • photomultipler Tube (PMT)
  • avalanche photodiode (APD)
  • charged coupled device (CCD)

Microscopy (2 decks)

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