Exam 1

Question 1

Enthalpy

Answer 1

Delta H

Heat absorbed or emitted during a reaction under constant pressure

Question 2

Entropy

Answer 2

Number of arrangements

Tells you which way heat transfers

Question 3

Electronegativity

Answer 3

• Increase across
• Decrease down
• An atoms tendency to form bonds

Question 4

Ionization energy

Answer 4

-increase across
-decrease down
-energy required to remove an electron
Reason: valence shell stability, electron shielding

Question 5

Effective nuclear charge

Answer 5

• charge felt by valence electrons after calculating electron
• protons minus core electrons
• determines all periodic trends

Question 6

Solution

Answer 6

• Homogeneous mixture of 2 or more components

- can’t unmix

Question 7

Mixture

Answer 7

• heterogeneous
• diff composition
• easy to unmix

Question 8

What factors affect solubility?

Answer 8

1. nature of solvent
2. nature of solute
3. entropy change
4. temperature
5. Gibbs free energy

Question 9

immiscible

Answer 9

the solute and solvent do not mix up

Question 10

thermal energy

Answer 10

• sum of kinetic and potential energy

- relies on energy and composition

Question 11

solvation shell

Answer 11

H2O molecules are locked in place around molecule

Question 12

clathrates

Answer 12

water forms a cage structure around molecules

high pressure and low temp

Question 13

surfactant

Answer 13

polar and non polar parts

used to break up oil

Question 14

substitute alloy

Answer 14

if the atoms are of similar size, the solute atoms substitute for the solvent atoms

Question 15

interstitial alloy

Answer 15

if the solute is smaller the atoms sit in the holes

Question 16

Coulomb’s law

Answer 16

Unlike charges attract
-explains interactions between and within atoms
F=k(q1•q2)/r^2
-q is force

Question 17

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 17

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Question 18

State function

Answer 18

Depends only on initial and final states

Question 19

Entropy

Answer 19

• measure of possible arrangements

- tells you which way heat will transfer

Question 20

Enthalpy

Answer 20

Heat absorbed or emitted in a reaction under constant pressure
-exothermic and endothermic

Question 21

The second law of thermodynamics

Answer 21

-for any change the total entropy of he universe must increase

Question 22

Combustion reaction

Answer 22

Releases energy

Question 23

Saturated

Answer 23

No more solute will dissolve

Question 24

Units

Answer 24

Percent mass- 10% solution has .1 g diluted per 1 g solution
Ppm- 1 microgram per gram (mg/L)
Ppb- 1 nanogram per gram (ug/L)

Question 25

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Answer 25

Hydrophilic likes water

Question 26

Micelles

Answer 26

Organized clusters of amphipathic molecules

Nonpolar substance creates inverted

Question 27

Lipid bilayer

Answer 27

Hydrophobic on inside hydrophilic on outside

Question 28

Alloys

Answer 28

Mixtures of metals
Substitute alloy: atoms of similar size, solute atoms substitute for solvent
Interstitial: solute is smaller, atoms sit in the holes