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LAM I > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two ways to give oral meds

A

Remove tip of catheter syringe

Mix the drugs in to grain

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2
Q

How would you mix a drug into the grain

A

Use something sticky that the horses like (molasses) to keep the powder from setting to the bottom

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3
Q

Most common place for an IV injection in the horse

A

Jugular vein

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4
Q

How to access the jugular vein for IV injections

A

Place left hand on left jugular furrow

proximal to the heart, distal to your hand

will see vein rise

advance the needle cranial or caudal

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5
Q

What artery and nerve run deep to the jugular vein

A

carotid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve

can inject into wrong place and have serious consequences

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6
Q

What is the smallest gauge needle we can use for horse IV

A

19 g

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7
Q

Why are IM injections more common in the horse than cattle

A

We dont normally eat them

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8
Q

What bacteria should we be concerned with when giving an IM injection

A

Clostridium

horses are extrememly susceptible

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9
Q

How to give an IM in a horse

A

put the needle in without the syringe attached

seed to the hub

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10
Q

What is the maximum amount per injection site in the neck

A

10-15 cc

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11
Q

Where to give and IM in the neck

A

ventral to the ligamentum nuchae

cranial to should

dorsal to cervical vertebrae

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12
Q

Max injection IM in the semitendinosus/ membranosus (the butt)

A

15-20 cc

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13
Q

landmarks for IM injection in the semitendinosus

A

One hand below the tube ischia

One hand above start of gastrocnemius tendon

outside thigh

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14
Q

Most commom Endotoxin

A

LPS from Gram negatives

Specifically the lipid A portion

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15
Q

What can lipid A do to the platelets

A

Activates them and causes DIC

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16
Q

How can endotoxemia lead to multi organ failure and damage

A

immune system reacts heavily to endotoxins in the blood

damages the endothelium

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17
Q

What does SIRS stand for

A

Systemic Inflammatory syndrome

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18
Q

Ways to prevent endotoxemia?

A

Physical barriers (GIT cells)

Removing the toxin (macrophages and antibodies)

Reperfusion (untwistin the intestines)

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19
Q

Immune response to endotoxins

A

LPS binds to LBP

LB binds to CD14

CD14 creates an inflammatory response

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20
Q

Neutrophils role in endotoxemia

A

Empty their ganular content onto the endothelium

endothelial damage- release nitric oxide = vasodilation

hypercoagulative state

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21
Q

When will you see vaso dilation and constriction during an edotoxemia

A

Vasoconstriction initially –> tachypnea and hypoxia

Vasodilation later –> hypodynamic shock

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22
Q

What allows the macrophages to calm their shit

A

IL10

23
Q

What effects remain on the body post endotoxemic event

A

Low perfusion

hypercoagulability

organs can have ischemic damage

laminitis

24
Q

Treatements for endotoxemia

A

Fluids to keep intravascular volume normal (LRS or normosol)

Plasma if protien has been lost

Remove the cause (ex. twisted intestines, retained placenta)

antibodies or polymixin B to bind to LPS

Antibiotics- but be careful not to kill a ton of bacteria and release more lipid A

Flunixin- NSAID that prevents vasoconstriction (TXA2)

25
Q

How vascular issuse can cause of laminitis

A

Poor perfusion (vasoconstriction)

Swelling of hoof due to inflammation

When circulation comes back we get a surge of oxygen

Free oxygen radical are produced and cause cellular injury and inflammation

26
Q

Grade 1 Laminitis

A

shifts weight fromone foot to the other

moves relatively freely

27
Q

Grade 2 laminitis

A

Horse still allows you to pick up hoof but it is visible noticeable

28
Q

Grade 3 laminitis

A

Reluctant to move

Will resist lifting hoof

29
Q

grade 4 laminitis

A

recumbent

30
Q

Phases of laminitis

A

Developmental (cause)

Acute- first signs of pain

Chronic compensated- bone is no longer rotating

Chronic uncompensated- the bone is still moving

31
Q

5% dehydration will show

A

1-3 second skin tent

32
Q

8% dehydration will show

A

tacky mucous membranes

HR 40-60 bpm

33
Q

10-12% dehydration will show

A

Sunken eyes

34
Q

12-15% dehydration

A

close to dead

35
Q

How to figure out a fluid deficiet

A

% dehydrated multiplied by the body weight in kg

gives you liters

36
Q

What is the max amount that can be given in one hour

A

8% or one blood unit

37
Q

At a 10 G catheter, what is the limiting step

A

28 L/H

38
Q

Volume of fluids that can be given PO

A

6-8 L

39
Q

Indications/ contraindications to give fluids PO

A

Indicated: When the horse may have an impaction

Contrindicated: if the horse is refluxing fluid up the NG tube

40
Q

When do we want to use hypertonic saline

A

When we need to pull fluid from the interstitium into the vasculature

good for when the bp is really low

41
Q

When would we not use hypertonic saline

A

uncontrolled hemorrhage

hypernatremia

sever hypokalemia

42
Q

In the first 0-30 seconds of excercise, horses are using

A

Creatinine phosphate

usually delpeted in 1 min

43
Q

Excercise from 30 s to 2.5 min will use what energy source

A

anerobic glycolysis

not totally depleted

44
Q

2.5 min onward of excercising, the horse will use what energy source

A

Aerobic glycolysis and fat oxidation

45
Q

A long slow excercise will use what energy source

A

more FFA

46
Q

An intense excercise will use

A

More oxygen

will work aerobically ntil max oxygen is reached

will then move to anerobic

47
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A

Slow hyrdolysis of ATP

low glycogen content

Dont need lots of capillaries for oxygen

Not very powerful

Take a long time to fatigue

48
Q

Type 2 muscle fibers

A

Generate force rapidly

fast twitch

49
Q

Type 2A muscle fibers

A

sustained power

more capillaries than 2X

50
Q

Type 2X muscle fibers

A

very powerful

large cross section

Less capilarries than Type 2A

51
Q

Type 2AX

A

intermediate between 2A and 2X

52
Q

Order of muscle fiber recruitment

A

Type 1- Type 2A- Type 2AX- Type 2X

53
Q
A

LAM I (1 decks)

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