Exam 1 Flashcards
What are the two ways to give oral meds
Remove tip of catheter syringe
Mix the drugs in to grain
How would you mix a drug into the grain
Use something sticky that the horses like (molasses) to keep the powder from setting to the bottom
Most common place for an IV injection in the horse
Jugular vein
How to access the jugular vein for IV injections
Place left hand on left jugular furrow
proximal to the heart, distal to your hand
will see vein rise
advance the needle cranial or caudal
What artery and nerve run deep to the jugular vein
carotid artery and recurrent laryngeal nerve
can inject into wrong place and have serious consequences
What is the smallest gauge needle we can use for horse IV
19 g
Why are IM injections more common in the horse than cattle
We dont normally eat them
What bacteria should we be concerned with when giving an IM injection
Clostridium
horses are extrememly susceptible
How to give an IM in a horse
put the needle in without the syringe attached
seed to the hub
What is the maximum amount per injection site in the neck
10-15 cc
Where to give and IM in the neck
ventral to the ligamentum nuchae
cranial to should
dorsal to cervical vertebrae
Max injection IM in the semitendinosus/ membranosus (the butt)
15-20 cc
landmarks for IM injection in the semitendinosus
One hand below the tube ischia
One hand above start of gastrocnemius tendon
outside thigh
Most commom Endotoxin
LPS from Gram negatives
Specifically the lipid A portion
What can lipid A do to the platelets
Activates them and causes DIC
How can endotoxemia lead to multi organ failure and damage
immune system reacts heavily to endotoxins in the blood
damages the endothelium
What does SIRS stand for
Systemic Inflammatory syndrome
Ways to prevent endotoxemia?
Physical barriers (GIT cells)
Removing the toxin (macrophages and antibodies)
Reperfusion (untwistin the intestines)
Immune response to endotoxins
LPS binds to LBP
LB binds to CD14
CD14 creates an inflammatory response
Neutrophils role in endotoxemia
Empty their ganular content onto the endothelium
endothelial damage- release nitric oxide = vasodilation
hypercoagulative state
When will you see vaso dilation and constriction during an edotoxemia
Vasoconstriction initially –> tachypnea and hypoxia
Vasodilation later –> hypodynamic shock
What allows the macrophages to calm their shit
IL10
What effects remain on the body post endotoxemic event
Low perfusion
hypercoagulability
organs can have ischemic damage
laminitis
Treatements for endotoxemia
Fluids to keep intravascular volume normal (LRS or normosol)
Plasma if protien has been lost
Remove the cause (ex. twisted intestines, retained placenta)
antibodies or polymixin B to bind to LPS
Antibiotics- but be careful not to kill a ton of bacteria and release more lipid A
Flunixin- NSAID that prevents vasoconstriction (TXA2)
How vascular issuse can cause of laminitis
Poor perfusion (vasoconstriction)
Swelling of hoof due to inflammation
When circulation comes back we get a surge of oxygen
Free oxygen radical are produced and cause cellular injury and inflammation
Grade 1 Laminitis
shifts weight fromone foot to the other
moves relatively freely
Grade 2 laminitis
Horse still allows you to pick up hoof but it is visible noticeable
Grade 3 laminitis
Reluctant to move
Will resist lifting hoof
grade 4 laminitis
recumbent
Phases of laminitis
Developmental (cause)
Acute- first signs of pain
Chronic compensated- bone is no longer rotating
Chronic uncompensated- the bone is still moving
5% dehydration will show
1-3 second skin tent
8% dehydration will show
tacky mucous membranes
HR 40-60 bpm
10-12% dehydration will show
Sunken eyes
12-15% dehydration
close to dead
How to figure out a fluid deficiet
% dehydrated multiplied by the body weight in kg
gives you liters
What is the max amount that can be given in one hour
8% or one blood unit
At a 10 G catheter, what is the limiting step
28 L/H
Volume of fluids that can be given PO
6-8 L
Indications/ contraindications to give fluids PO
Indicated: When the horse may have an impaction
Contrindicated: if the horse is refluxing fluid up the NG tube
When do we want to use hypertonic saline
When we need to pull fluid from the interstitium into the vasculature
good for when the bp is really low
When would we not use hypertonic saline
uncontrolled hemorrhage
hypernatremia
sever hypokalemia
In the first 0-30 seconds of excercise, horses are using
Creatinine phosphate
usually delpeted in 1 min
Excercise from 30 s to 2.5 min will use what energy source
anerobic glycolysis
not totally depleted
2.5 min onward of excercising, the horse will use what energy source
Aerobic glycolysis and fat oxidation
A long slow excercise will use what energy source
more FFA
An intense excercise will use
More oxygen
will work aerobically ntil max oxygen is reached
will then move to anerobic
Type I muscle fibers
Slow hyrdolysis of ATP
low glycogen content
Dont need lots of capillaries for oxygen
Not very powerful
Take a long time to fatigue
Type 2 muscle fibers
Generate force rapidly
fast twitch
Type 2A muscle fibers
sustained power
more capillaries than 2X
Type 2X muscle fibers
very powerful
large cross section
Less capilarries than Type 2A
Type 2AX
intermediate between 2A and 2X
Order of muscle fiber recruitment
Type 1- Type 2A- Type 2AX- Type 2X
