Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KNSS 201: Biomechanics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 7 uses for biomechanics.

A
  • skill analysis
  • design of equipment
  • prosthetics, adapted physical education
  • sport clothing
  • environmental considerations
  • rehab, improving technique
  • postural/gait analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 sub sections (classification) of mechanics?

A
  • rigid body mechanics
  • fluid mechanics (aerodynamics)
  • deformable body mechanics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is kinematics, and how can it be broken down?

A
  • description of motion

- linear and angular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is kinetics, and how can it be broken down?

A
  • forces that cause motion or are caused by the human body
  • linear: motion in a straight line
  • angular: motion around an axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is biomechanics important for coaches?

A

to gain a basic understanding of mechanical principles that helps produced an improved performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define technique.

A

the pattern and sequence of movements that the subjects use to perform a movement skill (or sports skill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 3 influences that technique can come from.

A
  • always done it that way
  • trial/error
  • pros do it that way (not always good)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 6 reasons why technique changes.

A
  • equipment
  • age of the performer
  • condition/experience
  • psychological reasons
  • science
  • genetics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a cardinal plane?

A
  • midsagittal, frontal, horizontal planes
  • passes through the centre of gravity of the body
  • all planes at 90 degrees to each other (perpendicular)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Motion within the frontal (coronal) plane corresponds with which axis?

A

anterior/posterior (A/P) axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Motion within the sagittal plane corresponds with which axis?

A

transverse (frontal) axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Motion within the horizontal (transverse) plane corresponds with which axis?

A

longitudinal (vertical) axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Motion within the oblique plane corresponds with which axis?

A

oblique axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A slapshot is a skill conducted in what plane and what axis?

A
  • oblique plane

- oblique axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A tennis serve is a skill conducted in what plane and what axis?

A
  • sagittal/oblique plane

- transverse/oblique axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A back flip is a skill conducted in what plane and what axis?

A
  • midsagittal plane

- transverse axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A upper cut is a skill conducted in what plane and what axis?

A
  • sagittal/oblique plane

- transverse/oblique axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A discus throw is a skill conducted in what plane and what axis?

A
  • horizontal plane

- longitudinal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A underhand baseball pitch is a skill conducted in what plane and what axis?

A
  • sagittal plane

- transverse axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lateral raises is a skill conducted in what plane and what axis?

A
  • frontal plane

- A/P axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 8 major body segments?

A
  • head and neck
  • trunk
  • arm
  • forearm
  • hand
  • thigh
  • leg
  • foot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

pulling the top of the foot to the shin; specific to ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

pulling toes to the ground; specific to ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define rotation.

A
  • movement of a segment around long axis
  • usually carries the name of the segment being rotated (ex. trunk rotation)
  • the rotation of appendages usually occurs in it’s own axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is circumduction?

A
  • primarily at the shoulder and hip

- makes the shape of a cone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Name 7 movements that occur at the shoulder joint.

A
  • flexion/extension
  • circumduction
  • adduction/abduction (horizontal and diagonal)
  • elevation/depression
  • protraction/retraction
  • scapular rotation (up/down)
  • scapular rotation (medial/lateral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define force.

A
  • a push or a pull

- anything that causes change in motion or shape of an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Force is a vector quantity, which has 4 characteristics:

A
  • magnitude
  • direction
  • point of application
  • line of action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name the 3 types of forces.

A
  • motive (propulsive) vs. resistance
  • internal vs. external
  • contact vs. non-contact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give 5 examples of forces.

A
  • gravity
  • air resistance
  • friction
  • contact with the ground
  • contact with another body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

1 newton =

A

1 newton = 1 kg x 1 m/s^2

N = kg x m/s^2

32
Q

On earth, a mass of 1 kg exerts a force of approximately ____ N downwards.

A

9.81 N

33
Q

Define mass.

A
  • quantity of matter

- substance

34
Q

Define weight.

A
  • measure of gravitational force

- result of the force of gravity

35
Q

Weight and mass are ______, but not ____.

A
  • proportional

- equal

36
Q

How do we calculate weight?

A 
W = m x g 
W = \_\_\_\_\_N (kg x 9.81 m/s^2)
37
Q

Define equilibrium.

A
  • the sum of all forces are balanced

- describes a action or state

38
Q

Define balance.

A

maintaining control of the body

39
Q

Define stability.

A
  • capacity of an object to return to equilibrium

- describes a characteristic

40
Q

What subdivisions can stability be broken into?

A
  • static or dynamic

- linear or rotary

41
Q

What is centric force, and what movement does it cause?

A
  • application of a force through the centre of gravity of an object
  • causes translation only (linear, no rotation)
42
Q

What is off-centre eccentric force (torque), and what movement does it cause?

A
  • application of a force away from the centre of gravity of an object
  • causes rotation around a fixed point
43
Q

What is the centre of gravity (CoG)?

A
  • single point where sum of all the forces are balanced
  • centre point of weight distribution
  • a.k.a. equilibrium point, balance point, pivot point
44
Q

What is the centre of mass (CoM)?

A

the midpoint of an object where there is an equal distribution of mass but without regard for gravity

45
Q

Where is the centre of gravity located in humans?

A
  • males: 56-57% of standing height
  • females: 2-3 inches below, 55% of standing height
  • varies depending on position of the body… it doesn’t even have to be on the body
46
Q

Why is there a difference in the location of centre of gravity between males and females?

A

men tend to have larger shoulders and smaller hips

47
Q

If someone raises their arms, their centre of gravity would (rise/fall).

A

rise

48
Q

What is the line of gravity (LoG)?

A
  • lateral balance of mass within the object (in equilibrium)

- the line from the centre of gravity downwards towards the Earth’s centre

49
Q

What is the base of support (BoS)?

A
  • the position of, distance between, or the amount of supporting surface
  • number of points of contact with the ground
50
Q

Name the 7 EBS principles of maintenance.

A
  • lower CoG = higher stability
  • greater stability is obtained if the BoS is widened in the direction of the line of force
  • increased friction = increased stability (linear)
  • position the LoG within the BoS
  • more mass = more stability (linear)
  • in a vertically segmented body, stability increases when the CoG of each weight-bearing segment is centred over the BoS
  • regaining equilibrium is based on the same principles as maintaining it
51
Q

What are co-linear forces?

A

forces in the same plane (parallel, can be in same or different directions)

52
Q

What are concurrent forces?

A

forces applied at the same time in different directions

53
Q

What is quantitative analysis?

A
  • numbers
  • needs to be humanly possible (human elements)
  • harder to interpret
54
Q

What is qualitative analysis?

A
  • words describing motion

- easier to describe, starting point, used by coaches

55
Q

What is the difference between distance and displacement?

A
  • distance is a scalar measurement

- displacement is a vector measurement

56
Q

What is a scalar measurement?

A
  • physical quantity
  • only magnitude
  • no direction
57
Q

Give 3 examples of scalar measurements.

A
  • distance
  • speed
  • mass
58
Q

What is a vector measurement?

A
  • physical quantity

- direction and magnitude

59
Q

Give 2 examples of vector measurements.

A
  • displacement

- velocity

60
Q

What is acceleration?

A
  • change of velocity over time

- rate of change of velocity

61
Q

What are the 5 key variables in motion of a body?

A 
a- acceleration
t- time of motion/flight
d- distance travelled/range
Vi- initial velocity
Vf- final velocity
62
Q

Name the 3 kinds of projectiles.

A
  • vertical
  • horizontal
  • oblique
63
Q

What are 3 things to consider with regards to projectiles?

A
  • time of flight
  • maximum height reached (zenith, apex)
  • horizontal distance travelled (range)
64
Q

Name 4 aspects of ideal vertical projectiles.

A
  • gravity acts the same on all objects
  • time up = time down
  • velocity at its apex is zero; Vi = 0
  • the value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s^2 or 32.2 ft/s^2
65
Q

Name 2 factors that affect the flight of vertical projectiles.

A
  • force of gravity: g = ?

- initial velocity of the object

66
Q

Name 2 factors that affect the flight of horizontal projectiles.

A
  • force of gravity: g = ?
  • initial projection velocity of the object
  • these 2 factors act independently of each other (it doesn’t matter what force the object is projected at)
67
Q

If an object is horizontally projected at the same time that a duplicate of the object is vertically dropped, which object will land first?

A

both will land at the same time

68
Q

In horizontal projectiles, how is height related to range?

A

as height increases, range increases (proportional)

69
Q

In horizontal projectiles, how is velocity related to range?

A

as velocity increases, range increases (proportional)

70
Q

What is the most common kind of projectile?

A

oblique projectiles

71
Q

What is an oblique projectile?

A

an object projected at an acute angle will follow the path of a parabola

72
Q

What are the 3 variables of an oblique projectile?

A
  • time
  • height
  • range
73
Q

What do the 3 variables of an oblique projectile depend on?

A
  • gravity
  • velocity of projection
  • angle of projection
74
Q

How does angle of an oblique projectile effect range?

A
  • as the difference between release and landing heights increases, the ideal angle of projection decreases (less angle means more range)
75
Q

If the release and landing heights are the same, the ideal angle for maximum range is __ degrees.

A

45 degrees

76
Q

What is the difference between instantaneous and average velocity?

A

instantaneous velocity can illustrate immediate problems while average velocity balance out the good and bad

77
Q

For any projectile, the following can be determined:

A 
a- acceleration
t- time of flight
d- distance travelled
Vi (u)- initial velocity
Vf (v)- final velocity

KNSS 201: Biomechanics (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions