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BIO126 > exam #1 > Flashcards

exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

NEURON NET THEORY –OR RETICULAR???–(who and what)

A

Golgi….neurons are interconnected to form a web where information travels from cell to cell unimpeded

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2
Q

PHRENOLOGY (who and what)

A

Gall…..division of function in the brain is complete and nonadaptable

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3
Q

MATERIALISM (who and what)

A

Darwin……mental life arises from physical processes and is subject to evolutionary processes

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4
Q

NEURON THEORY (who and what)

A

Ramon y Cajal….neurons communicate with one another via a small juncture between cells

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5
Q

CEPHALOCENTRIC VIEWPOINT (who and what)

A

Plato….brain is the source of the psyche

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6
Q

DUALISM (who and what)

A

Descartes….mind and body are separate

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7
Q

CARDIOCENTRIC VIEWPOINT (who and what)

A

Aristotle……heart is the source of the psyche

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8
Q

how does Darwin’s theory of natural selection explain the evolution of species?

A

animals with the traits best suited for survival and reproduction pass down those traits to their offspring

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9
Q

name the nervous systems from simplest to most sophistocated

A

nerve net, nerve trunk, ganglia, brain

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10
Q

explain the nerve net

A

Contains only basic connection of sensory to motor neuron

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11
Q

explain nerve trunk

A

bilateral, symmetrical, segmented (flatworm)

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12
Q

explain ganglia

A

cluster of neurons with some encephalization (squid)

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13
Q

explain brain

A

true brain with spinal chord…..specific to chordates

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14
Q

what is the cortex (cerebrum)

A

sensation & perception, movement, higher-order processes

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15
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

coordination, learning, and movement

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16
Q

what is the human brain’s EQ?

A

7

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17
Q

what is an encephalization quotient?

A

how big ur brain is relative to body size

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18
Q

what does climate change do?

A

make our brains become bigger

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19
Q

what is the basic function of a neuron?

A

to send and receive messages

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20
Q

the cell membrane is bi-layered with what?

A

hydrophilic phosphate heads & hydrophobic lipid tails

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21
Q

diffusion

A

passive….no doors

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22
Q

ion channels

A

passive……open doors. proteins in the membrane create a channel for ions to move through

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23
Q

gated ion channels

A

passive…….locked doors

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24
Q

ion pumps

A

active……revolving doors….pumps the ion in and out of the cell against their concentration gradient

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25
Q

input zone?

A

dendrite and cell body

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26
Q

conduction zone?

A

axon

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27
Q

output zone?

A

axon terminal

28
Q

morphological variations of neurons?

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

29
Q

multipolar neurons

A

one axon, many dendrites

30
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one axon, one dendrite

31
Q

unipolar neurons

A

one branch going in two directions

32
Q

Functional Variations in Neurons?

A

sensory nuerons, motor neurons, interneurons

33
Q

sensory neurons

A

receive inputs

34
Q

motor neurons

A

sends outputs

35
Q

interneurons

A

bridges between sensory and motor neurons

36
Q

4 types of glia cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglia

37
Q

astrocytes

A

blood-brain barrier, structural/nutritional support

38
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

makes myelin in the central nervous system, myelinates many axons (about 15 at once)

39
Q

schwann cells

A

makes myelin in the peripheral nervous system, myelinates one axon SEGMENT, involved in regrowth after injury

40
Q

microglia

A

immune cells of the brain, clean-up

41
Q

resting potential of a neuron?

A

-70mV

42
Q

hyperpolarization

A

cell becomes more negative…. Cl- flowing into the cell

43
Q

depolarization

A

cell becomes more positive….. Na+ flowing into the cell

44
Q

the threshold of exitation

A

Change in voltage at hillock (depolarization)
Change opens voltage-gated Na+ channels
Change is around 5mV
-70mV to -65 mV

45
Q

passive conduction

A

Unmyelinated axon
Relatively slow
Energy consuming…..Need to have channels and pumps all along the axon

46
Q

saltatory conduction

A

Myelinated axon
Relatively fast
Efficient……Only need channels and pumps at the nodes

47
Q

goal of pre-synaptic cell?

A

get neurotransmitter into the synaptic gap

48
Q

goal of post-synaptic cell?

A

cause a “yes” or “no” signal

49
Q

EPSP

A
  • Yeses’: Depolarization

- Na+ coming in

50
Q

IPSP

A
  • ‘Noes’: Hyperpolarizations

- Cl- coming in or K+ going out

51
Q

post-synaptic cell has 2 types of receptors?

A

ionotropic, metabotropic

52
Q

ionotropic receptor

A
  • When neurotransmitter ‘binds’, the receptor opens

- Ligand-gated ion channels

53
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

When neurotransmitter binds, another protein in the cell is ‘turned on’

54
Q

spacial summation

A

how physically close are the two signals?

55
Q

temporal summation

A

how close in time are the two signals?

56
Q

how are NDMA receptors unique?

A

How they OPEN
Both voltage- and ligand-gated
voltage: needs depolarization to open
ligand: needs glutamate binding to open

How they RESPOND
Allows both Na+ and Ca2+ to enter
Na+ enters: EPSP
Ca2+ enters: causes long-term changes in the cell

57
Q

glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter
Binding results in an EPSP

Ionotropic receptors
Typical receptors
NMDA receptors

58
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
Binding results in an IPSP

Has both ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

59
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction
In the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Role in learning and memory
Loss of ACh in the basal forebrain is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia

60
Q

dopamine (DA)

A

Involved in movement (Basal Ganglia)
Loss of DA in Parkinson’s disease is associated with movement dysfunction
Reward and pleasure (Limbic System)
Increased DA is associated with addiction
Planning and Cognition (Cortex)
Increased DA is associated with schizophrenia

61
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Involved in arousal and vigilance
Involved in emotion
Increases in NE associated with the stress response
Decreases in NE associated with depression

62
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Involved in sleep, appetite, sexual function, and mood

Decreased 5-HT is associated with anxiety and depression

63
Q

agonist

A

ENHANCE the activity of a neurotransmitter

64
Q

antagonist

A

REDUCE the activity of a neurotransmitter

65
Q

how does botox work at the synapse?

A

decreased ACh at the neuromuscular junction

BIO126 (1 decks)

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