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Plant Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Effectors

A

Pathogen

Something that makes the infection effective

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2
Q

R gene plant or pathogen

A

Plant

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3
Q

Plants 2 lines of defense

A

PAMP recognition

R gene mediated

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4
Q

3 common effectors

A

Toxins
Enzymes
Plant growth regulators

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5
Q

Susceptible vs resistant

A

Get disease pathogen can live

Pathogen stops and can’t carry out its lifecycle

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6
Q

Plant or pathogen

Susceptible vs resistant

A

Plant

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7
Q

Keyword to resistance

A

Recognition

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8
Q

What mediates recognition

A

PAMPS

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9
Q

PAMPS

A

Pathogen associates molecular patterns

Something in the microbe that the plant can recognize

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10
Q

Example of PAMPS

A

Peptidoglycan

Chitin

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11
Q

Basal defense

A

PAMP triggered immunity

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12
Q

What is a good way to fend off biotrophs not necrotrophs?

A

Hypersensitive response

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13
Q

Ways plants respond to pathogens (6)

A 
Pathogenesis resistance proteins 
Phytoalexins 
ROS 
Synthesis of lignin, callose, suberin
Hypersensitive response 
Systemic acquired response
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14
Q

Pathogenesis resistance proteins

A

Made by the plant

Chitinase

Other hydrolytic enzymes

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15
Q

Phytoalexins

A

Antimicrobial compounds made by plants

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16
Q

ROS

A

Reactive oxygen species that oxidize the pathogen

Hydrogen peroxide

Superoxide

Signaling defense

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17
Q

What does ROS do?

A

Increase cross links in cell wall

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18
Q

Hypersensitive response

A

Apoptosis

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19
Q

Systemic acquired resistance

A

Response spreads to whole plant and the plant steps up its ability to to respond

Avirulent pathogrn

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20
Q

Constitutive defenses by plants

A 
Always on
Trichomes
Wax
Bark
Alkaloids 
Terpenoids 
Flavonoids
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21
Q

Induced defenses. How plants defend themselves from insects

A

Has to be recognition
Elicitor
Have to be received by a receptor
Receptor starts signal transduction

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22
Q

2 examples of elicitors

A

Insect saliva

Broken cell wall

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23
Q

What things start signal transduction

A

Calcium
cAMP
kinases

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24
Q

Sydtemin

A

Small protein produced at the sight of injury

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25
Q

Can systemin trigger the octadecanoid pathway?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What does the octadecanoid pathway do?

A

Takes a membrane lipid and makes jasmonic acid

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27
Q

Where is jasmonic acid usually transported?

A

In the phloem

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28
Q

Volatile

A

Can move through the air

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29
Q

Can jasmonic acid be volatile?

A

Yes

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30
Q

3 ways jasmonic acid can cause changes in gene expression

A

Increase secondary metab synthesis

Increase in proteins that inhibit digestion

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31
Q

Name 2 proteins that inhibit digestion

A

Protease

Amylase

Lectins

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32
Q

Amylase inhibitors

A

Inhibit digestion

Break down starch

33
Q

Lectin inhibitors

A

Inhibit digestion

Proteins made by the plant that bind carbohydrates

34
Q

What does jasmonic acid strengthen?

A

Cell wall

35
Q

Octadecanoid pathway contains lipids?

A

Yes

36
Q

First and second number in octadecanoid pathway

A

1st: number of Carbons
2nd: number of double bonds/unsaturated

37
Q

Where jasmonic synthesized how and where

A

Lipogenase

Chloroplast

Peroxisome

Jasmonic acid

38
Q

Linoleic acid

A

Octadecanoid pathway

18:2

39
Q

How do you make jasmonic acid or salicylic acid volatile?

A

Add methyl

40
Q

Pests that cause problems

A

White fly

Messy bugs

Fungus gnats

Thrips

Spider mites

41
Q

White fly

A

Abaxial

Phloem feeder

42
Q

Scale insects

A

Phloem feeder

43
Q

Mealy bugs

A

Found on younger parts of leaves

Phloem feeders

44
Q

Aphids

A

Like warm temperature
Live on young plants
Phloem feeders

45
Q

Thrips

A

Phloem feeders

46
Q

Spider mites

A

Cell content feeders

Treat using safer soap

47
Q

Indirect sign of insect presence

A

Black sooty mold

Ants looking for honey dew

48
Q

Second line of defense description

A

pathogen specific and is based on plant recognition of effector molecules. The plant R (resistance) gene interacts with the pathogen effector molecule.

49
Q

Avr

A

The Effector gene once it is recognized

50
Q

Soil pathogens

A

Chemotropism (chemotaxic)

-Root lacks cuticle, gaps where lateral roots emerge

51
Q

Leaf/Stem pathogen

A

Wind borne

Rusts

Degrade wall and enter through stomate

52
Q

Example of avirulence gene product

A

effectors that are recognized by the plant and that elicit a plant defense

Chitin binding protein

53
Q

What do most r genes recognize

A

Plants response to pathogens

54
Q

What do phytoalexins include?

A

Phenolics

terpenoids

55
Q

Gene for gene model of plant resistance to pathogens

A

Each dominant avr gene in the pathogen there is a r gene in the host

56
Q

R gene polymorphism

A

Genetic ability to recognize multiple pathogens

57
Q

Most successful banana

A

Cavendish

58
Q

What disease does the banana have?

A

Fusarium oxysporum

Fungus

Fusarium wilt

59
Q

Where does the fusarium live?

A

Dead plant tissue

60
Q

4 races of fusarium

A

1-wiped out lady finger
2&3-not important
4-infect all susceptible to race 1 and cavendish

61
Q

Ranch Ploetz

A

Says race 4 is coming to the Western Hemisphere

62
Q

James dale

A

Genetically engineered banana

Trying to increase beta carotene in banana

Breeding for fusarium resistance

63
Q

Juan

A

Trying to breed a new cavendish resilient to race 4

64
Q

What does HR create

A

Physical barrier to the affecting pathogen and stops further spreading

65
Q

Bcl protein

A

Blocks pro-apoptotic signal

66
Q

Thaler

A

Tomato plant

Pest: beer army worm

67
Q

Phytohormones

A

Jasmonic acid

Salicylic acid

Ethylene

68
Q

Polyphenol oxidase

A

Causes browning after injury of plants and fruit

69
Q

Volicitin

A

Comes from the insects saliva

70
Q

Noxious weed

A

Any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage
to

Crops
Livestock
Irrigation

71
Q

Garlic mustard success

A

Release sec metab
Flavonoids
Early phenology

72
Q

How are target species affect by allelopathetic chemicals

A

Inhibit root growth

Inhibit root uptake

73
Q

Seed bank

A

the collection of weed seeds present in the soil of a field, and is the source of weed infestations.

74
Q

Pyrethrin

A

Insect toxin

Chrysanthemum flower

Neurotic that affects the nervous system

75
Q

Elicitors

A

Metabolite isolated from pathogens that evoke a hypersensitive response

76
Q

Hypersensitive reaction

A

Responses that limit the spread of invading pathogens

77
Q

Gene for gene model

A

Attempts to explain genetic basis for hypersensitive reaction in plants

78
Q

Jasmonic acid synthesized by

A

Linolenic acid

Plant Physiology (3 decks)

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