Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
There are _________ theories of labor.
A
four (4)
2
Q
This theory of labor states that since all hollow organs have maximum capacity, the child eventually needs to be expelled by the body.
A
Uterine stretch theory
3
Q
This theory states that cervical pressure causes the stimulation of the posterior pituitary gland which, in turn, releases a hormone responsible for labor contractions.
A
Oxytocin theory
4
Q
This theory is based on the deprivation of a hormone that is believed to inhibit uterine motility. As pregnancy progresses, the body produces less and less of this hormone which causes eventual uterine contractions.
A
Progesterone Withdrawal / Progesterone Deprivation Theory
5
Q
This theory states that there is an increase of a certain substance (not oxytocin) which, accompanied by a decrease in progesterone, increases uterine contractions and thus initiates labor.
A
Prostaglandin theory / Rising Fetal Cortisol Level
6
Q
The advanced age of a certain fetal organ causes a decreased supply of blood to the uterus - thereby initiating labor.
A
Theory of Aging Placenta
7
Q
- a premonitory sign of labor
- also known as nesting
- is the descent of the fetal presenting part 10 to 14 days before labor
- occurs earlier for primipara subjects because of their tighter abdominal muscles
- usually occurs on the day of labor for multipara subjects
- fundal height decreases
A
Lightening
8
Q
- the cervix becomes as soft as butter
- accompanied by cervical dilation
A
Cervical ripening
9
Q
- accompanied by an increase of maternal epinephrine
- epinephrine increase is attributed to decreased progesterone
A
Activity increase
10
Q
- this is the result of fluid and water loss attributed to the decrease in progesterone levels
A
Weight loss (1 to 3 lbs)
11
Q
- this happens when cervical mucus is expelled due to cervical compression
A
Mucus plug expulsion
12
Q
- this results from the action of relaxin which allows for the expansion and organ stretching to accommodate delivery
- digestion is slowed
A
Backache
13
Q
These are contractions before labor.
A
Braxton Hicks contractions
14
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Irregular contractions
A
FALSE LABOR
15
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Contraction interval shortening
A
TRUE LABOR
16
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Increase in pain intensity
A
TRUE LABOR
17
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Decrease in pain intensity when walking
A
FALSE LABOR
18
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Decrease in pain when lightly sedated
A
FALSE LABOR
19
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Bloody show
A
TRUE LABOR
20
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Cervical dilation
A
TRUE LABOR
21
Q
TRUE OR FALSE LABOR
Pain is felt in the abdomen
A
FALSE LABOR
- pain in true labor is felt from the back to the abdomen due to the fallopian tubes
22
Q
This means that contractions occur over a certain period of time repeatedly.
A
Regularity
23
Q
This refers to the number of contractions in a certain period.
A
Frequency
24
Q
This is the time span between the end of one contraction to the beginning of another contraction.
A
Interval
25
This is the time span between the beginning of one contraction to the end of the same contraction.
Duration
26
These are the 5 Ps of labor
- Passageway
- Passenger
- Position of the fetus
- Power
- Psyche
27
This refers to the route a fetus must travel from the uterus to the cervix and vagina to the external perineum.
Passageway
28
These are two innominate bones which are just three bones fused into one. Name the three.
- Ileum
- Ischium
- Pubis
29
This is the bone used and is referred to as landmark zero.
Ileum
30
This is the bone that we sit on.
Ischium
31
This is the point from the sacrum to the superior pelvis. Its narrowest position is antero-posterior.
Pelvic Inlet
32
This is above the pelvic inlet.
False pelvis
33
This is the point from the sacrum to the inferior pelvis.
True pelvis
34
This is the point from the coccyx to the inferior pubis. Its narrowest portion is transverse.
Pelvic outlet
35
These pelvic types are suitable for vaginal birth.
- Gynecoid
| - Anthropoid
36
- pelvic type
- rounded inlet with adequate diameters
- adequate midpelvis diameters with parallel side walls
Gynecoid
37
- pelvic type
- heart shaped inlet with short posterior sagittal diameter
- arrest of labor is frequent
Android
38
- pelvic type
- oval inlet with long anteroposterior diameter
- midpelvis diameters are adequate
Anthropoid
39
- pelvic type
- oval inlet with long transverse diameter
- midpelvis diameters are reduced
Platypelloid
40
This is the progressive thinning of the cervix.
Cervical effacement
41
This refers to the progressive enlargement of the cervix which begins from the size of one's fingertips to up to ten centimeters.
Cervical dilation / Cervical dilatation
42
These soft tissue organs are part of the fetal passageway.
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
43
- fetal skull landmark
| - fetal chin
Mentum
44
- fetal skull landmark
- known as the brow
- area over the frontal bone
Sinciput
45
- fetal skull landmark
| - anterior fontanel
Bregma
46
- fetal skull landmark
| - posterior fontanel
Lambda
47
- fetal skull landmark
| - area between the bregma and lambda
Vertex
48
- fetal skull landmark
| - area occupied by the occipital bone beneath the lambda
Occiput
49
This is the overlapping of cranial bones made possible by sutures. Changes in the shape of the fetal skull is produced by the force of uterine contractions.
Molding
50
Membranous spaces between cranial bones.
Sutures
51
This refers to the intersection of cranial sutures.
Fontanelles
52
This refers to the rough, maternal side of the placenta.
Duncan's fold
53
This refers to the smooth, fetal side of the placenta.
Schultze fold
54
This refers to the condition in which the placenta is implanted lower into the uterus.
Placenta previa
55
This refers to the premature placental separation which may be complete or partial. Blood loss is inevitable when this happens.
Abruptio placenta
56
Will you pass this subject?
Yes
57
This is the relationship of the biparietal diameter (presenting part) of the infant to the ischial spines of the mother.
Station
58
This is when the head of the infant is at the station zero. It is the settling of the infant's head into the pelvis.
Engagement
59
This is the relationship of the long axis of the baby to the mother's long axis.
Fetal lie
60
Uterine contractions are classified as a primary power of labor. Give its four elements.
- Frequency
- Regularity
- Interval
- Duration
61
This is a secondary power of labor.
Maternal bearing down
62
This refers to the psychological outlook of a woman and preparedness of a mother for birth.
Psyche
63
These are the feelings and states that the woman brings into labor.
- Maternal past experience
- Preparedness
- Support
- Financial stability
- Impact of another child
- Other children to care for
- Cultural meaning of children
- Fertility
64
The __________ probe is used to measure fetal heart tone.
first
65
The ___________ probe is used to measure the contractions of the mother.
second
66
This stage of labor is from the onset of labor to full cervical dilation and effacement.
First stage
67
- part of first stage of labor
- preparatory phase
- 0 to 3 cm cervical dilation
- 20-40 second contractions
- mild and short
Latent phase
68
- part of first stage of labor
- amniotic sac rupture
- 4 to 7 cm cervical dilation
- 40-60 second contractions
- occurs every 5 minutes
Active phase
69
- part of first stage of labor
- 8 to 10 cm cervical dilation
- 60-90 second contractions
- occurs every 2-3 minutes
- panic stage
Transitional phase
70
Labor contractions cause a decrease in blood flow to this organ.
Uterus
71
There is an increased amount of blood flow to this organ.
General circulation
72
If a pregnant woman is left in the supine position for extended periods of time, her inferior vena cava is pressed on. What is the recommended position for pregnant women?
Left side lying position
73
Pursed lip breathing is advised for mothers who are undergoing labor. This condition, remedied by the said technique, may be caused by labor and its accompanying pain.
Hyperventilation
74
Why is defecating a normal occurrence when a woman is in labor?
Labor causes bowel loosening
75
This is may be a cause of concentrated urine.
Poor fluid intake
76
There is an increase of these two hormones and a decrease in one when women undergo labor.
- increased oxytocin and prostaglandin
| - decreased progesterone
77
There is an increase __________ of the skin.
Diaphoresis / sweating
78
Relaxin acts as a cartilage softener for labor. This, however, is accompanied by pain in what location.
- back
| - pubis
79
- fetal adaptation
| - beat to beat changes in fetal heartbeat
Variability
80
- fetal adaptation
| - positive indicator of fetal response to stress
Acceleration
81
- fetal adaptation
| - decrease in fetal heart rate
Deceleration
82
- fetal adaptation
- begin with contraction and return to baseline after contraction
- normal
Early deceleration
83
- fetal adaptation
- V or U shaped decelerations of variable onset
- may mean umbilical cord prolapse (out of position)
Variable deceleration
84
- fetal adaptation
- fetal heart rate does not return to baseline contraction
- may mean something worse if accompanied by low variability
Late deceleration
85
These are the three signs of transition.
- increased bloody show
- rectal pressure
- tremors in thighs and legs
86
These are possible nursing care practices that may be done by a nurse for a woman in labor.
- support
- encouragement
- rest between pushes and contractions
- positioning (not supine)
87
These five elements first need to be prepared before a patient goes into labor.
- the room
- the warmer
- infant supplies
- delivery supplies
- perineal prep
88
This stage of labor is from the total dilation and effacement of the cervix to the delivery of the baby.
Second stage
89
These are to be assessed in the second stage of labor.
- FHT
- contractions
- BP
- control
- effectiveness of bearing down effort
- perineal status (vulva, vestibule, fourchet)
90
- labor mechanism
| - biparietal diameter reaches the ischial spines of the mother
Engagement
91
- labor mechanism
- downward movement of biparietal fetal head into pelvic inlet
- occurs due to pressure and uterine contractions
- measured by stations rt to maternal ischial spines
Descent
92
- labor mechanism
- child goes into suboccipitobregmatic form
- caused by uterine pressure on breech
Flexion
93
- labor mechanism
- baby turns from OT to OA/OP
- done to accommodate shoulders into best possible position for entering pelvic inlet
Internal rotation
94
- labor mechanism
| - head extends upward
Extension
95
- labor mechanism
| - shoulder rotation
Restitution / external rotation
96
- labor mechanism
| - baby is delivered
Expulsion
97
This is a surgical incision done on the fourchet of a delivering woman to make the vagina larger - thereby assisting child birth. This may be done in a median or mediolateral incision.
Episiotomy
98
This stage of labor is known as placental delivery.
Third stage
99
This form of placental expulsion releases the maternal side first and happens 30% of the time.
Duncan's mechanism
100
This form of placental expulsion releases the fetal side first and happens 70% of the time.
Schultze's mechanism
101
This is a procedure done to reverse and repair the effects of an episiotomy - done with a local anesthetic.
Episiorrhaphy
102
This stage of labor is from the end of placental expulsion to after four hours postpartum.
Fourth stage
103
These positions are encouraged for people in the fourth stage of labor.
- upright
- left side lying
- ambulation (if not contraindicated)
104
Pain during labor is normal is caused by a number of different factors. Give all of them.
- compressed muscle hypoxia
- cervical nerve compression
- cervical stretching
- perineal stretching
- bladder distension
- tension/anxiety/fear
- oxytocin-induced contractions
105
There are three types of pain relief that may be given to patients in labor. Give the three.
- non-pharmacologic pain relief
- anesthesia
- analgesia
106
There are three types of analgesia possible. Give the three.
- narcotics (may affect child)
- sedatives
- tranquilizers
107
Anesthesia may be administered via these three methods.
- local (subcute injection into perineum for episiotomy)
- regional (for vaginal birth)
- general (IV or inhaled; for emergency cases)
108
- obstetric emergency
- ROM with presenting part is high and unengaged
- malpresentation
Prolapsed cord
109
- obstetric emergency
- late decelerations and prolonged variables
- low or absent variability with bradycardia
Fetal distress
110
- obstetric emergency
| - failure of uterus to completely relax between contractions
Uterine hyperstimulation
111
Dystocia is also known as difficulty in labor and may be due to three factors. Give the three.
- abnormal contraction pattern
- soft tissue dystocia
- bony dystocia
