Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ecology?

A

study of the interactions between organisms and their environment

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2
Q

What kind of interactions does ecology look at?

A

Energy loss/gain, population dynamics, etc.

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3
Q

How do ecologists answer their questions? (2)

A

Mathematical models and manipulative experiments

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4
Q

Explain the difference in warmth between the equator and the poles of the earth

A

At the poles sunlight hits the earth at an angle and thus the rays are spread over a larger area, making the energy less concentrated while at the equator the rays hit the earth near to perpendicular, so there is more solar energy per unit area.

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5
Q

How do the angles the sun hit the earth (equator vs. poles) influence air currents?

A

Since the equator is warmer, this causes air to lift towards the atmosphere, creating a low pressure area (Hadley cell), while in the poles the cold air pulls air downwards creating a higher pressure (polar cell). The movement of air between these two cells is driven by the the movement of the cells and by the exchange of energy at the polar front

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6
Q

How do the cells described earlier in combination with the earths spin create the patterns of air movement at the earths surface?

A

the air at the equator will flow in the opposite direction of the earths spin and the combination of air currents moving away from high pressure or towards low pressure areas creates weterlies and easterlies as shown in figure 2.9 (pg 28)

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7
Q

Climate

A

Long term description of weather at a given location

caused by earth’s tilt (latitudinal climate patterns) and proximity to oceans

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8
Q

potential evapotranspiration (PET)

A

max amount of water expected to be lost from the landscape by evaporation and/or transpiration under climatic conditions (assuming NO water limitation)

Primary driver = temperature

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9
Q

actual evapotranspiration (AET)

A

water actually lost from a landscape by evaporation and transpiration

Primary drivers = temperature and percipitation

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10
Q

What type of biomes have the most PET?

A

Those that are hot

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11
Q

What type of biome will have the most AET?

A

Those that are hot and wet (have more water to lose) ie.// tropical rainforest has a higher AET than a desert since there is less water available to lose in a desert

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12
Q

What if the earth did not have a tilt?

A

No seasons, there would be less land at a liveable temperature

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13
Q

What if the earth had a more dramatic tilt?

A

Seasons would be more extreme and it would be harder to survive year round in a given area

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14
Q

what determines ocean currents?

A

surface winds

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15
Q

Local factors that influence climate (5)

A

Rain shadow, continent size, elevation, vegetation, topography (slope direction)

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16
Q

Tropical rainforests

A

High growth rates multiple layers (diversity)

Precipitation outweighs water loss due to temperature all of the year

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17
Q

Polar regions

A

scattered cover, low temperatures, high winds, dry, low growth rates

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18
Q

Tropical seasonal forests/savannas

A

Some of the year low precip, some high. Wet and dry seasons. Somewhat lower diversity and growth rate. Frequency of fires in dry season influences plant life. more shrubs etc than trees

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19
Q

Deserts

A

Sparse populations, high temp, low water availability, usually around 30* latitude N and S (high pressure areas)

20
Q

Temperate grasslands

A

seasonal variability (warm wet, cold dry), frequent fires, grass dominant

21
Q

Temperate shrub and woodlands

A

seasonality of precipitation, somewhat diverse, some fires

22
Q

aquatic biomes

A

Fresh or saltwater-> influences strategy to minimize water loss/gain

Deep vs shallow water (temperature more influenced by air temp in shallow water), available light changes as well

Moving vs. still water

Tidal zones: variation in wet vs. dry and temperature

23
Q

Lotic

A

moving freshwater

24
Q

lentic

A

still freshwater

25
Estuarine
at river junctions, salinity varies due to proximity of ocean and tidal behavior
26
Salt marshes
Often next to estuaries, salinity gradients based on plant tolerance to salinity, flood often
27
Mangroves
shallow estuaries inhabited by salt tolerant trees and shrubs
28
coral reefs
warm shallow ocean waters, slow growth but very diverse, production rate highest on earth
29
rocky intertidals
influenced by tides (species need to be able to deal with temperature change and change from wet to dry environments)
30
Acclimation
individual's response to a factor
31
Adaptation
evolutionary response across generations
32
Acclimatization
individual's response to many factors
33
endotherm
animal capable of internal generation of heat
34
ectotherm
animal dependent of external sources for heat
35
homeothermy
organism maintains body temp at constant level
36
poikilothermy
organism's body temp adjusts depending on the environment
37
osmoconformation
Allowing salt levels to change with environment (strict osmoconformers cannot regulate their salt levels)
38
osmoregulation
Using energy to regulate internal salt levels (strict regulators maintain a constant salt level no matter what environment)
39
isosmotic
two areas with same osmotic pressure (concentration solutes)
40
hypoosmotic
solution of lesser concentration (freshwater is hypoosmotic compared to sea water) saltwater fish lose water to osmisis because they are hypoosmotic compared to their environment and this must drink more water to compensate for water loss, excrete more concentrated urine, and have transporters that actively transport Cl- and Na+ out of their cells
41
hyperosmotic
solution of greater concentration (sea water is hyperosmotic compared to freshwater) freshwater fish are hyperosmotic compared to their surroundings (must take in more salt and excrete dilute urine)
42
Light curves (incident light vs. photosynthetic rate of plants)
plants in shady environments will plateau sooner as not used to getting much light
43
Shade vs. Sun leaves
Sun leaves thicker and less broad to fit more photosynthetic machinery and less pigment as sunlight is not the limiting factor
44
Competitive species
dominate under low disturbance and stress conditions
45
Ruderals
dominant under conditions of high disturbance and low stress
46
Stress tolerant
dominant under high stress and low disturbance conditions