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exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biology unifies what

A

much of natural science

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2
Q

living systems are the most

A

complex chemical systems on earth

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3
Q

life is constrained by

A

the properties of chemistry and physics

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4
Q

science is

A

interdisciplinary (combines multiple fields)

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5
Q

7 characteristics of all living organisms

A
  1. composed of cells
  2. complex and ordered
  3. respond to their environment
  4. con grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. obtain and use energy
  6. maintain internal balance
  7. allow for evolutionary adaption
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6
Q

hierarchical system at cellular level

A

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells

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7
Q

hierarchical system at organismal level

A

tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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8
Q

hierarchical system at population level

A

population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere

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9
Q

what does science aim to do

A

understand the natural world through observation and reasoning

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10
Q

science begins with

A

observations, which makes it purely descriptive

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11
Q

deductive reasoning

A

uses general principles to make specific predictions

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12
Q

inductive reasoning

A

uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

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13
Q

systematic approach that scientists use to gain understanding of the natural world

A

observation, hypothesis formation, prediction, experimentation, conclusion

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14
Q

define hypothesis

A

possible explanation for an observation

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15
Q

requirements for a hypothesis

A
  1. must be tested to determine its validity
  2. often tested in many different ways
  3. allows for predictions to be made
  4. iterative (can be changed and refined with new data)
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16
Q

experiment description

A

tests the hypothesis, must be carefully designed to test only one variable at a time, consists of a test experiment and a control experiment

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17
Q

predictions

A

if…then, hypotheses should make predictions, predictions should provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses

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18
Q

2 philosophical approaches to science

A

reductionism and systems biology

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19
Q

reductionism

A

to break a complex process down into simpler parts

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20
Q

systems biology

A

focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts

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21
Q

models in science

A

way to organize thought, parts provided by reductionist approach, model shows how they fit together, suggest experiments to test the model

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22
Q

scientific theory

A

a body of interconnected concepts, supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning, expresses ideas of which we are most certain

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23
Q

example of how scientist develops a hypothesis and a theory gains acceptance

A

darwin and evolution

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24
Q

charles darwin

A

served as a naturalist on mapping expedition around coastal south america, 30 years of observation and study before publishing On The Origin of Species by Mean of Natural Selection

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25
Q

Darwin’s contribution

A

a mechanism, natural selection, on the beagle, he saw that characteristics of similar species varied from place to place

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26
Q

evidence for evolution

A

fossil record, earth’s age, mechanism for heredity, comparative anatomy, molecular evidence

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27
Q

homologous

A

same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

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28
Q

analogous

A

structures of different origin used for the same purpose (butterfly and bird wings)

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29
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

based on tracing origin of particular nucleotide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history

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30
Q

cell theory

A

all organism are composed of cells, cells are life’s basic units, all cells come from preexisting cells

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31
Q

molecular basis of inheritance

A

DNA, sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s info

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32
Q

gene

A

discrete unit of info

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33
Q

genome

A

entire set of DNA instructions

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34
Q

continuity of life depends on

A

faithful copying of DNA into daughter cells

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35
Q

study what to learn function

A

structure

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36
Q

diversity of life arises by

A

evolution, underlying unity of biochem and genetics argues for life from the same origin event, diversity is due to evolutionary change over time

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37
Q

3 domains of life

A
  1. bacteria - single cell prokaryote
  2. archaea - single cell prokaryote
  3. eukarya - single cell or multicellular eukaryote
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38
Q

evolutionary conservation

A

all organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA, conservation reflects they have a fundamental role

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39
Q

what are cells essientially

A

information processing systems

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40
Q

what is information in DNA used for

A

direct synthesis of cellular components

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41
Q

what does control of gene expression do

A

leads to different tissues and cell types

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42
Q

cells process

A

environmental info (glucose levels, presence of hormones)

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43
Q

what must cells in multicellular organisms do

A

coordinate with each other

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44
Q

nonequilibrium state

A

living systems are open, constant supply of energy needs, self-organizing properties at different levels, emergent properties from collections of molecules, cells, individuals

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45
Q

matter

A

has mass and occupies space, composed of atoms

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46
Q

atoms composed of

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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47
Q

protons charge and location

A

positive charge, nucleus

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48
Q

neutrons charge and location

A

no charge, nucleus

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49
Q

electrons charge and location

A

negative charge, outside of nucleus in orbitals

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50
Q

atomic number

A

equal to the number of protons, every atom of a particular element has the same # of protons

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51
Q

number of protons

A

equals number of electrons

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52
Q

atoms are

A

electrically neutral

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53
Q

atom

A

substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by ordinary chemical reactions

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54
Q

mass

A

refers to amt of substance

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55
Q

weight

A

refers to the force that gravity exerts on a substance

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56
Q

atomic mass

A

sum of the protons and neutrons

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57
Q

each proton and neutron has the mass of

A

1 dalton

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58
Q

ions

A

charged particles - unbalanced

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59
Q

cation

A

more protons than electrons, positive net charge

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60
Q

anion

A

more electrons than protons, negative net charge

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61
Q

isotopes

A

Atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons

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62
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

unstable and emit radiation as the nucleus breaks up

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63
Q

half-life

A

time it takes one half of the atoms in a sample to decay

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64
Q

electron arrangement is key to

A

chemical behavior of an atom lies in the number and arrangement of its electrons in their orbitals

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65
Q

bohr model

A

electrons in discrete orbits

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66
Q

define orbital

A

area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found – no orbital can contain more than 2 electrons, drawn as rings

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67
Q

farther away electrons are from the nucleus,

A

more energy they have

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68
Q

what happens to the electron when energy is released and when it is absorbed?

A

when it is released, it drops energy levels - gets closer to the nucleus
when it is absorbed, it gains energy levels- gets further away from the nucleus

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69
Q

redox

A

electrons can be transferred from one atom to another through the process of reduction and oxidation (redox), keeping the energy of their position of the atom

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70
Q

reduction

A

gain of an electron

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71
Q

oxidation

A

loss of an electron

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72
Q

periodic table

A

displays elements according to valence electrons

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73
Q

valence electrons

A

number of electrons in the outermost energy level

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74
Q

what kind of elements have eight electrons

A

inert

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75
Q

octet rule

A

atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels

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76
Q

how many naturally occuring elements

A

90

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77
Q

how many elements are found in living organisms in substanial amts

A

12

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78
Q

how many elements make up 96.3% of human body weight

A

four

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79
Q

what 4 elements make up the human body

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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80
Q

molecules

A

groups of atoms held together in a stable association

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81
Q

compounds

A

molecules containing more than one type of element

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82
Q

how are atoms held together in molecules or compounds

A

chemical bonds

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83
Q

how are ionic bonds formed

A

by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

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84
Q

how are ions formed

A

by gain or loss of electrons

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85
Q

what can disrupt forces holding ions together

A

electrical attraction of water molecules

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86
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons, no net charge, satisfies octet rule, no unparied electrons

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87
Q

strength of covalent bonds depend on

A

number of shared electrons

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88
Q

biological compounds are composed of

A

more than 2 atoms. they may share electrons with 2 or more atoms

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89
Q

electronegativity

A

atoms affinity for electrons, differences in electronegativity dictate how electrons are distributed in covalent bonds

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90
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons

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91
Q

chemical reactions

A

involve the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

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92
Q

reactants

A

original molecules

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93
Q

products

A

molecules resulting from the reaction

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94
Q

extent of chemical reaction influenced by what

A
  1. temp
  2. concentration of reactants and products
  3. catalysts
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95
Q

single most outstanding chemical property of water

A

its ability to form hydrogen bonds- weak chemical associations that form between the partially negative O atoms and the partially positive H atoms of 2 water molecules

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96
Q

in water, what atom is more electronegative

A

O

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97
Q

what charges are in water?

A

polar, O is partially negative, H is partially positive

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98
Q

cohesion

A

polarity of water allows water molecules to be attracted to one another

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99
Q

what is responsible for many of waters important physical properties

A

hydrogen bonds. each bond is weak and transitory, cumulative effects are enormous

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100
Q

properties of water

A
  1. high specific heat (large amt of energy is required to change the temp of water)
  2. water has a high heat of vaporization ( evaporation of water from a surface causes cooling of that surface)
  3. solid water is less dense than liquid water (bodies of water freeze from the top down)
  4. water is a good solvent (dissolves polar molecules and ions)
  5. organizes nonpolar molecules (causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume specific shapes)
  6. can form ions
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101
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-loving

102
Q

hydrophobic

A

water-hating

103
Q

pure water

A

considered to be neutral, neither acidic or basic

104
Q

pH is

A

the negative log of H ion concentration of a solution

105
Q

acid

A

any substance that disassociates in water to increase the H ion concentration and lower the pH

106
Q

base

A

substance that combines with H ion dissolved in water and this lowers the H concentration

107
Q

buffer

A

substance that resists changes in pH, keeps H concentration relatively constant

108
Q

how to buffers act by

A
  1. releasing H ions when a base is added

2. absorbing H ions when acid is added

109
Q

most biological buffers consist of

A

a pair of molecules, one acid and one a base

110
Q

framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to

A

O, N, S, P, or H

111
Q

carbon can form up to how many covalent bonds

A

four

112
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen, nonpolar

113
Q

isomer

A

molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula

114
Q

steroisomers

A

differ in how groups are attached

115
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror image molecules, D-sugars and L-amino acids

116
Q

polymer

A

built by linking monomers

117
Q

monomers

A

small, similar chemical subunits

118
Q

4 macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, proteins

119
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

formation of large molecules by the removal of water, monomers are joined to form polymers

120
Q

hydrolosis

A

breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water, polymers are broken down to monomers

121
Q

carbs are

A

molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O)n

122
Q

C-H covalent bonds

A

hold much energy, good energy storage molecules

ex: glucose, sugars, starch

123
Q

monosaccharides

A

monomer of carbohydrates, simplest carb, 6 carbon sugars, enzymes that act on different sugars can distinguish structural and stereoisomers of this basic 6 carbon skeleton

124
Q

main monosaccharides of carbs

A
  1. glucose (C6H12O6)
  2. fructose (structural isomer of glucose)
  3. galactose (stereoisomer of glucose)
125
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis. used for sugar transport or energy storage.
ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose

126
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chains of monosaccharides linked through dehydration synthesis, energy storage (plants use starch, animals use glycogen), structural support (plants use cellulose, arthropods and fungi use chitin)

127
Q

humans can’t break what bond

A

beta bonds

128
Q

extremophiles

A

live in extreme conditions (stomach), ex: methanogen

129
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymer

130
Q

monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide, connected by phosphodiester bond

131
Q

nucleotide =

A

sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

132
Q

what is sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

133
Q

what is sugar in RNA

A

ribose

134
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine, bigger structure (2 rings), smaller name

135
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil, one ring structure

136
Q

phosphate charge

A

polar

137
Q

DNA

A

encodes info for amino acid sequence of proteins, sequence of bases, double helix (2 polynucleotide strands connected by H bonds), how they are sequenced depends on how they will decide

138
Q

base pairing rules for nitrogenous bases

A

A with T (or U in RNA)

C with G

139
Q

RNA

A

similar to DNA except contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, controls uracil instead of thymine. single polynucleotide strand, uses info in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins

140
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP, purine nucleotide, primary energy currency of the cell, short term, polar

141
Q

NAD + and FAD+

A

nucleotides that are electron carriers for many cellular reactions

142
Q

protein functions

A
  1. enzyme catalysis
  2. defense
  3. transport
  4. support
  5. motion
  6. regulation
  7. storage
143
Q

proteins

A

polymers, composed of 1 or more long, unbranched chains, each chain is a polypeptide

144
Q

amino acids are

A

monomers

145
Q

amino acid structure

A

central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, single H, variable R group

146
Q

how are amino acids joined

A

dehydration synthesis, peptide bond

147
Q

4 levels of amino acid structure

A
  1. primary structure - sequence of amino acids
  2. secondary structure - interaction of groups in the peptide backbone, a helix and b sheet
  3. tertiary structure - final folded shape of a globular protein, stabilized by the number of forces, final level of structure for proteins consisting of only a single polypeptide chain
  4. quaternary structure- arrangement of individual chains in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains
148
Q

motifs

A

common elements of secondary structure seen in many ppolypeptides, useful in determining the function of unknown proteins

149
Q

domains

A

functional units within a larger structure, most proteins are made of multiple domains that perform different parts of the protein’s function

150
Q

chaperones

A

help proteins fold properly, deficiencies implicated in certain disease (CF), ex: liq egg to solid egg to solid egg to liquid egg

151
Q

denaturation

A

protein loses structure and function due to environmental conditions. such as: pH, temp, ionic concentration of solution.

152
Q

lipids

A

loosely defined group of molecules with one main chemical characteristic, insoluable in water, high proporrtion of nonpolar C-H bonds cause molecule to be hydrophobic, fats, oils, waxes

153
Q

triglyiceride

A

fat that is composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

154
Q

fatty acids

A

dont need to be identical, chain length varies

155
Q

saturated fat

A

no double bond between carbon atoms, high melting point, animal origin

156
Q

unsaturated fat

A

1 or more double bonds, low melting point, plant origin, kink in the chain

157
Q

trans fats

A

produced industrially

158
Q

phospholipids

A

composed of glycerol (backbone), 2 fatty acids nonpolar tails, a phosphate group polar head, form all biological membranes

159
Q

what makes a fatty acid have a lower melting point

A

a kink

160
Q

micelle

A

lipid molecules orient with polar head toward water and nonpolar tails away from water

161
Q

polar head are

A

hydroliphic

162
Q

nonpolar are

A

hydrophobic

163
Q

phospholipid bylayer

A

more complicated structure where 2 layers form, hydrophilic head points outward, hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other

164
Q

cells discovered by

A

hooke, found cells in cork, looked like monk rooms (cellulae)

165
Q

who proposed cell theory

A

schlieden and schwann

166
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all organisms is composed of cells
  2. cells are the smallest living things
  3. cells arise only from pre-existing cells
167
Q

surface area - to - volume ratio

A

as a cell increases in size, the volume increases 10x faster than the surface area.

168
Q

longest cell in the body

A

synaptic nerve

169
Q

what is required to visualize cells

A

microscopes

170
Q

light microscopes

A

can resolve structures that are 200nm apart

171
Q

electron microscopes

A

can resolve structures only .2 nm apart

172
Q

all cells have these certain structures in common

A
  1. genetic matierial - in a nucleoid or nucleus
  2. cytoplasm - a semifluid matric
  3. plasma membrane - a phospholipid bilayer
173
Q

prokaryotes

A

archea and bacteria

  1. lack membrane bound nucleus
  2. cytoplasm
  3. DNA in nucleoid
  4. plasma membrane
  5. cell wall
  6. ribosomes
  7. non membrane bound organelles
174
Q

archea

A

extremophile

175
Q

ribosome function

A

synthesis proteins

176
Q

prokaryotic cell walls

A

protect and maintain cell shape, composed of peptidoglycan (bacteria) or similiar substances (archaea), may be gram positive or gram negative, sugar

177
Q

prokaryotic flagella

A

present in some, rotary motion propels the cell

178
Q

eukaryotic cell

A
  1. membrane bound nucleus
  2. more complex than prokaryotic
  3. specialized cell functions occur within organelles and endomembrane system
  4. possess a cytoskeleton
  5. DNA is linear
179
Q

in plant eukaryotic cells, what is the cell wall

A

cellulose

180
Q

eukaryotic nucleus

A

made up of 2 lipid bilayers, stores genetic matierial in multiple, linear chromosomes, in chromosomes, Dna is organized with proteins to form chromatin, surrounded by nuclear envelope composed of 2 phosphlipid bilayers

181
Q

centrioles

A

important in mitosis in animals, helps with the cell division

182
Q

why are there pores in the nucleus

A

so that RNA can go out and nucleotides can get in to make RNA

183
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and proteins, found in cytoplasm and attached to membranes (rough ER)

184
Q

endomembrane system

A

nuclear membrane, ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, all part of a semi-continous system of interconnected membranes

185
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

creates network of channels throughout cytoplasm, attached ribosome gives rough appareance, synthesis of proteins that will be secreted, sent to lysosomes, or to plasma membrane

186
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

few ribosomes, synthesis of membrane lipids, calcium storage, detoxification of foreign substances

187
Q

golgi apparatus

A

flattened stacks of interconnected membrane that package and distribute materials to different parts of the cell, synthesis of cell wall components

188
Q

lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzyme, break down macromolecules for recycling of foreign matter that the cell has engulfed by phagocitosis

189
Q

microbodies

A

vesicles containing enzymes, seperate from the endomembrane system

190
Q

glyoxysomes

A

microbody that is in plants, contains enzymes for converting fats into carbs

191
Q

peroxisomes

A

microbody that contains oxidative enzymes and catalase

192
Q

vacuoles

A

membrane bound ogranelles with various functions depending on the cell type, used for storage of water, sugar, waste, when it grows, it pushes against the cell wall and allows plant to stand.

193
Q

3 types of vacuoles

A
  1. central vacuoles - plant cells
  2. contractile vacuoles - some protists
  3. storage vacuoles - many cells
194
Q

mitochondria

A

present in all eukaryotic cells, contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring energy from macromolecules to ATP, contain their own DNA, arises from mother.

195
Q

membrane of mitochondria

A

surrounded by 2 membranes, smooth outer membrane, folded inner membrane with layers called cristae

196
Q

matrix

A

within mitochondria’s inner membrane

197
Q

intermembrane space

A

located between 2 membranes of mitochondria

198
Q

chloroplasts

A

cells of plants and some other eukaryotes, contain chloryphyll for photosynthesis, surrounded by 2 membranes

199
Q

thykaloids

A

membrane sacs within the chloroplat inner membrane

200
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

201
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells, supports cell shape, keeps organelles in fixed locations, helps move matierials in cell

202
Q

cytoskeleton fibers incle

A
  1. actin filaments - responsible for cell contractions, crawling, “pinching”
  2. microtubules - provide organization to the cell and move materials within the cell
  3. intermediate filaments - provide structural stability
203
Q

cell movement

A
  1. crawling - accomplished by via actin filaments and he protein myosin
  2. flagella - undulate to move the cell
  3. cilia - can be arranged in rows on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel it forward
204
Q

9 + 2 structure

A

structure of cilia and flagella, 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by 2 central microtubules, cilia more numerous than flagella

205
Q

extracellular structures include

A

cell walls of plants, fungi, some protists, extracellular matrix, surrounding animal cells

206
Q

cell walls

A

surround cells of plants, fungi, and protists

207
Q

CHOs in cell wall vary

A

plants and protists - cellulose

fungi - chitin

208
Q

extracellular matrix

A

surrounds animal cells, composed of glycoproteins and fibrous proteins like collagen, may be connected to the cytoplasm via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane

209
Q

what function does the extracellular structures do

A

give protection to the cell and self - identification

210
Q

endosymbiosis

A

theory that eukaryotic organelles evolved through a symbiotic relationship, one cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed, mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way

211
Q

mitochondria and chloroplast similarities

A
  1. 2 membranes
  2. possess bacterical type DNA and ribosomes
  3. about the size of a prokaryotic cell
  4. divide by a process similar to bacteria
212
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membranes consist of a bilayer of phospholipids which globular proteins are inserted

213
Q

cell membrane 4 components

A
  1. phospholipid bilayer
  2. transmembrane proteins
  3. interior protein network
  4. cell surface markers
214
Q

what is the significance of an unsaturated fatty acid tail?

A

it makes the cell more fluid. when its packed in with others. move around in membrane so its not completely solid.

215
Q

phospholipid structure

A
  1. glycerol - 3-C polyalcohol backbone
  2. 2 Fatty acids attached to the glycerol
  3. phosphate group attached to glycerol
216
Q

characteristic of a phospholipid bilayer

A

they are fluid, H bonding of water holds the 2 layers together, individual phospholipids and unachored proteins can move thru the membrane, saturated FAs make the membrane less fluid than the unsaturated FAs, warm temps make it more fluid than cold temps

217
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. transporters
  2. enzymes
  3. sell surface receptors
  4. cell surface identity markers
  5. cell-cell adhesion proteins
  6. attachments to the cytoskeleton
218
Q

peripheal membrane proteins

A

anchored to a phospholipid in one layer of the membrane, possess non polar domains that are inserted in the lipid bilayer, can move throughout 1 layer of the bilayer (either inner or outer)

219
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

span the lipid bilayer, nonpolar domains are embedded in the lipid bilayer, polar domains protrude from both sides of the bilayer

220
Q

transmembrane domain

A

reigion of the protein containing hydrophobic amino acids, possessed by integral proteins, span the lipid bilayer

221
Q

what happens when extensive nonpolar domains within a transmembrane are there

A

it can create a pore, Beta sheets can form a beta barrel, beta barrel interior is a polar and allows water and other small polar molecules to pass thru the membrane

222
Q

passive transport

A

movement of molecules thru the membrane in which no energy is required, and molecules move with the concentration gradient

223
Q

concentration gradient

A

high to low

224
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

225
Q

selective permeability

A

integral membrane proteins allow the cell to selective what passes thru the cell membrane

226
Q

channel porteins

A

polar interior allowing polar molecules to pass thru

227
Q

carrier proteins

A

bind to a specific molecule to facilitate its passage

228
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

229
Q

channel proteins include

A
  1. ion channels - allow passage of ions which are associated with water
  2. gated channels - open or close in reponse to a chemical or electrical stimulus
230
Q

water without solute in a iv line

A

cells would burst

231
Q

normal saline consists of

A

0.9% NaCl

232
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of a molecule from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein, specific and passive, saturates when all carriers are occupied.

233
Q

passive transport in an aqueous solution

A

water is the solvent, dissolved molecules are the solute.

234
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration

235
Q

plasmosis

A

when plant is dehydrated, cell body shrinks from cell wall

236
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration

237
Q

hypotonic solution

A

lower solute concentration

238
Q

how does osmosis move water

A

thru aquaporin (water pores) toward the hypertonic solution

239
Q

hemolysis

A

when cells burst

240
Q

how do organisms maintain osmotic balance

A
  1. some extrude water by using contractile vacuoles
  2. isosmtic regulation - keeps cells isotonic with their environment
  3. plants use turgor pressure to push cell membranes against the cell walls to keep the cell rigid (keeps cell sturdy)
241
Q

active transport

A

requires energy (ATP) used directly or indirectly, can move substances from low to high concentration (can “pump” solutes into or out of cells against concentration gradient), requires use of carrier proteins

242
Q

carrier proteins in active transport include

A
  1. uniporters: move one molecule at a time
  2. symporters: move 2 molecules in the same direction
  3. antiporters: move two molecules in the opposite dirctions
243
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

active transport mechanism, uses antiporter to move 3 Na out of the cell and 2 K into the cell, ATP used to change the conformation of the carrier protein, the affinity of the carrier protein for either Na or K changes so that the ions can be carried across the membrane

244
Q

coupled transport

A

uses energy released when a molecule moves by diffusion to supply energy to actively transport a different molecule, symporter used, glucose-Na symporter captures the energy from Na diffusion to move glucose against a concentration gradient

245
Q

bulk transport of substances if accomplished by

A
  1. endocytosis - movement of substances into the cell

2. exocytosis - movement of materials out of the cell

246
Q

endocytosis

A

when the plasma membrane envelops food particles and liquids

247
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell takes in particulate matter

248
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell takes in a fluid

249
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

specific molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor

250
Q

exocytosis and use

A

occurs when material is discharged from the cell, vesicles fuse with the membrane and release their contents to the exterior
used in plants to export cell wall material, used in animals to secrete hormones, neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes

251
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

freeze-fracturing techniques separate the layers and reveal memebrane proteins.

bio 111 (2 decks)

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