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Anatomy Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Cutting up, study of human structure

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2
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Study of things you can’t see w naked eye

Cytology

Histology

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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4
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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5
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Study of larger structures

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6
Q

Surface or morphology

A

Shape or surface of human body

Surgery

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7
Q

Regional

A

Particular region in the body

Ex: arm(skin,muscle,bone, nerves)

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8
Q

Systemic

A

Studying by system

Easier

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9
Q

Developmental

A

How anatomy develops from a single cell to a full blown human

Embryology

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10
Q

Comparative

A

We dissect cats, pig hearts, sheep brains, cow eyes

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11
Q

Clinical or pathogenic anatomy

A

What happens when you get TB, or damage to alveoli in lungs

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12
Q

Cross sectional anatomy

A

Taking slices of human body from head down to toes and studying it

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13
Q

Atoms

A

Basic building blocks of all matter

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14
Q

Molecular

A

Start linking atoms together

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15
Q

Macro molecular

A

Life, DNA, proteins, fats

Starch Carbs large molecules

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16
Q

Cellular

A

Minimal requirement to be alive

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17
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells linked together

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18
Q

Organ

A

More than one tissue type

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19
Q

Organ system

A

More than one organ and they all work together to perform one function

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20
Q

Levels of organization

A 
Atoms
Molecules
Cells
Tissue
Organ 
Organ system 
Organism
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21
Q

Major elements of the body

A

Hydrogen 62%
O2 26%
Carbon 10%
Nitrogen 1.5%

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22
Q

Major molecules of the body

A

Water 67%
Proteins 20%
Lipids 10%
Carbohydrates 3%

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23
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standing up, toes and palms forward, head forward

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24
Q

Prone

A

Face forward

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25
Q

Supine

A

Spine touches ground

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26
Q

Anterior

A

Front

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27
Q

Posterior

A

Back or behind

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28
Q

Ventral

A

Belly

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29
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

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30
Q

Superior

A

Up

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31
Q

Inferior

A

Down

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32
Q

Cranial or cephalic

A

Brain cavity

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33
Q

Caudal

A

Tail

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34
Q

Proximal

A

Close

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35
Q

Distal

A

Distant

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36
Q

Medial

A

Midline

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37
Q

Lateral

A

Further to the side

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38
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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39
Q

Deep

A

Away from surface, more deep

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40
Q

Sections

Frontal or coronal

A

Coronal:head

Cut in half from front and back

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41
Q

Sections

Transverse

A

Cut top from bottom

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42
Q

Sections

Sagittal

A

Cut right and left half

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43
Q

Midsagittal

A

Equal R and L half

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44
Q

Parasagittal

A

Unequal R and L half

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45
Q

Dorsal cavity

A

Cranial

Spinal

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46
Q

Ventral cavity

A

Decided by diaphragm

Thoracic

  • pleural:lungs
  • pericardial: membrane that surrounds heart
  • mediastinum:respiratory organs
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47
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Begins at iliac crest

Abdominal

Pelvic

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48
Q

The cell theory

A

Cells are the building blocks of all living things

Cells reproduce to make more cells

Cells are the smallest level of living matter

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49
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Selectively permeable

Phosphates:give water active ability, charged, aqueous

Lipids:fatty acid tail, don’t mix well with water

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50
Q

Proteins

Peripheral

A

Not embedded in membrane

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51
Q

Proteins

Integral

A

Embedded in membrane

Transmembrane

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52
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Covers surface of cell, sugar coat, cell cell recognition and identification

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53
Q

Cholesterol

A

Foundational molecule for progesterone and estrogen, adds stability and resistance to cell for changes in the environment

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54
Q

Extensions:microvilli

A

Add surface area

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55
Q

Functions of plasmalemma

Physical isolation

A

Creates a barrier/border

Tells you what’s inside and outside of cell

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56
Q

Functions of plasmalemma

Sensitivity

A

Identification and communication

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57
Q

Functions of plasmalemma

Structural support

A

Intracellular and extra cellular

Peripheral and integral proteins

Attaches to fibers in tissues

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58
Q

Plasmalemma function

A

Regulation of material exchange or transport-selectively permeable

Water and simple gases can pass

Bigger molecules and highly charged molecules cannot

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59
Q

Passive exchange

A

Movement across plasmalemma that doesn’t require energy

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60
Q

Passive exchange

Diffusion

A

High to low concentration

Kinetic energy drives diffusion

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61
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Has a certain protein that allows diffusion to occur

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62
Q

Osmosis

A

Water passing through membrane

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63
Q

Active exchange or active transport

A

Requires energy

ATP

low to high concentration

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64
Q

Active transport

Exchange pumps

A

Exchanges ions

65
Q

Active transport

Endocytosis

A

Moving things into cell

66
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cellular drinking, bringing in small, dissolved molecules

67
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cellular eating, bringing in larger molecules, engulfs

68
Q

Receptor mediated

A

Recycles

69
Q

Exocytosis

A

Get rid of larger molecules

Ex:production of mucus by goblet cells

70
Q

Microvilli

A

Increase surface area for all those processes

71
Q

Cytoplasm

Cytosol

A

Everything inside the cell

Cytosol:all studs dissolved in this aqueous solution, gel like

  • Intracellular fluid
  • High in potassium ions
  • Overall negative charge
  • transmembrane potential:difference in charge, positive on outside, negative on inside
  • High concentrations of proteins:colloid
  • Inclusion bodies:data,glycogen,ways for cell to store material for a rainy day
72
Q

Cytoplasm

Organelles

A

Little bodies

Nonmembranous

Membranous

73
Q

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

A

Non membranous organelles

Made of lots of proteins

Microfilaments

Intermediate filaments

Thick filaments

Microtubels

Ribosomes

74
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin(thin)

A lot to do with how muscle works

Smallest

Cell shape and movement

Microvilli internal structure

75
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Establish foundation of the cell

Structural framework

76
Q

Thick filaments

A

Myosin (motor protein)

Allows muscle cells to contract or get shorter

Cell length

77
Q

Microtubles

A

Form a tube

Move internal cellular components:organelles and chromosomes

Form centrioles and spinal fibers:move outside of cell move chromosomes

Move extra cellular materials:cilia:moving mucus around in our respiratory system

Found in flagella

78
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made of RNA and protein which allow for communication

Free and fixed: float around, makes proteins targeted for surface of cell

Make proteins

79
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membrane

Cristae: inner membrane, energy producing proteins for oxidation?

Fluid matrix: enerft reactants

Makes ATP

80
Q

Nucleus

A

Double membrane called envelope
-perinuclear space:gap between membranes

Pores:connection between inner and outer membrane, regulates material coming in and out, ribosomes

Nucleoplasm fluid

Nuclear matrix:filaments:structural foundation

Chromosomes:DNA(genetic library,protein synthesis), Protein(histones) , colorful body, tightly structured

Nucleosome: beads within chromosomes grouped in cubes of 8

Chromatin: genes and regulatory proteins, relaxed loosely constructed

Nucleoli: formation of ribosomes, smaller

81
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport (proteins and phospholipids) and storage:calcium(released when cell signaling occurs)

Rough ER:ribosomes present, protein productio

Smooth ER: lipid production:steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, detoxification

82
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Decision making organelle

Distribution and secretions:where proteins go

Final modification of proteins: adding sugars to lipids, lipids to proteins

Lysosomes: degrade materials in endoscopes and worn out organelles, recycling

Peroxixomes: break down toxins and fatty acids

83
Q

Tight junctions

A

Occlusion junction

Nice tight lined epithelial tissue

Make barriers, keep blood inside, leak proof, walls

84
Q

Communication junctions

A

Heart muscles

Allow communication

85
Q

Anchoring junctions

A

Button:hold cells to each other but not exactly tight, half on one cell half on another

Hemidesmosomes: connect tissues, attatch epithelial cell to extracellular structures so not floating around

86
Q

Interphase

A

Gap zero

Gap one:cell organelle synthesis

Synthesis-DNA synthesis

Gap two:protein synthesis

87
Q

Mitosis

A

Separation of genetic material

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

88
Q

Epithelial tissues structure

A

Cellular

Polar

Attached

Avascular

Layers or sheets

Regenerates

89
Q

Epithelial tissue function

A

Protects

Limits permeability
-microvilli

Sensation:nerve endings internal and external

Secretion:glands and ducts

90
Q

Simple squamous epithelial tissue

A

Gas exchange and friction reduction

Thinnest living layer

Lungs

Serious membranes:mesothelium:reduces friction

Endothelium: lines all blood vessels and heart, smooth

91
Q

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

A

Protection

Keratinized:skin, top layers make skin thick, dead cells

Non keratinized: esophagus, not as tough

92
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

Absorption and secretion

-kidneys, thyroid:secretion and hormones, gland duct

93
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue

A

Sweat glands

94
Q

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

A

Absorption and secretion

Intestinal tract

95
Q

Stratified columnar epithelial

A

Protection

Salivary gland ducts
-carotid gland

96
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial tissue

A

Single layer it looks stratified

Moving mucus up and out of lower respiratory tract

Trachea

97
Q

Transition epithelial tissue

A

Stretching, goes from cuboidal to squamous columnar

Ureters

Urinary bladder

98
Q

Epithelial tissue glands

A

Endocrine:no duct, secrete directly into blood stream

Exocrine:duct

99
Q

Holocrine

A

The whole cell does and secretes into duct

Sebaceous

100
Q

Merocrine

A

Golgi exocytosis, doesn’t kill cell

Mucous in goblet cells

101
Q

Apocrine

A

Just the top of cell pinches off breaking apart

Mammary glands

102
Q

Serious membranes

A

Closed cavities, not open to external environment

103
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Open cavities, exposed to environment, more likely to be exposed to bacteria

Mucus traps

In lungs

104
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

Skin

Protection

No friction

105
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Joints

Bones connect, need this to deduct friction when bones rub together

106
Q

Connective tissue structure

A

Cells

Internal matrix

  • fibers(areolar, elastic)
  • ground substance
    • hyaluronana:gelatinous

No regeneration

107
Q

Connective tissue function

A

Support

Connect organs together

Protect bone

Transport:blood and lymph nutrients and wastes

108
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Most abundant

Loose and dense

Fluid:blood and lymph

Support bone and cartilage

Fibers

  • collagen:not branching
  • reticular:branching
  • elastic:elastin, stretch and rebound
109
Q

Connective tissue proper loose

A

Areolar

  • Most abundant
  • In between kidneys and organs chicken skin and meat
  • Holds organs together

Adipose

  • energy storage
  • brown fat-heat protection in babies
  • hypodermis-insulation

Reticular:lymph nodes and liver:mechanical filtration
-nodes filter out infectious agents

110
Q

CT dense regular

A

Tendons and ligaments

Parallel to each other:gives strength

Most resistance in single direction

111
Q

CT dense irregular

A

Covering of most organs

Dermis of skin

Strength in many directions

112
Q

CT elastic

A

Arteries and veins

Protein:elastin

113
Q

CT Supporting

A

Bone

114
Q

CT supporting hyaline cartilage

A

At end of bones

Most common

Smooth:reduces friction

115
Q

CT Supporting elastic cartilage

A

Nose and epiglottis

Elastic

116
Q

CT Supporting fibrous cartilage

A

Disc of vertebrae and symphysis pubis:where 2 hip bones come together

Strongest

Intercalated discs

117
Q

CT layers

Superficial fascia

A

Hypodermis

118
Q

CT layer

Deep fascia

A

Covering organs

119
Q

CT layer

Sunserous fascia

A

Serous membranes

120
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Cells very long

Multinucleated

Striated:contraction

Many cells fuse together

Voluntary

121
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Striated

Only in heart

Intercalated discs:holds cardiac muscle together, allows communication, allows heart muscles to contract as one

Involuntary

Single nucleated

122
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Organ muscle

Nonstriated

Involuntary

Stomach, blood vessels, intestinal tract, uterus:contractions

Single nucleated

123
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Another name for skin

Epidermis:epithelial component(stratified squamous)

Dermis:CT (Dense irregular)

124
Q

Supportive layer

A

Subcutaneous later or hypodermis

125
Q

Accessory structures

A

Hair follicles

Exocrine glands

Nails

126
Q

Epidermis

Stratum germinativum

A

Innermost layer:attached to basal lamina

On all ET

regenerates from stem cells

Contains melanocytes:produce melanin:protects against UV

Merkel cells:touch

127
Q

Epidermis

Stratum spinosum

A

Contain tonofibrils connected to desmosomes:hold spinosum to adjacent cells

Langerhan cells present:phagocytes in immune system

128
Q

Epidermis

Stratum granulosum

A

Lots of keratin and keratohyalin in granules

Cells are dying

129
Q

Epidermis

Stratum lucidum

A

Found only only in palms and soles, stains poorly, filled w keratin

Thin layer

130
Q

Epidermis

Stratum corneum

A

All dead

Horn like

131
Q

Epidermis

A

Thick skin: 30 layers stratum corneum

Thin skin:15 layer stratum corneum, no lucidem

Epidermal ridges:fingerprints

Mostly keratinocytes

Dermal papilla:Velcro for the epidermis:increases surface area

132
Q

Epidermis skin color

A

Thickness of stratum corneum

Dermal blood supply

Carotene:keratinocytes (in carrots)

Melanin: melanocytes

  • over nucleus
  • protects from UV radiation
133
Q

Dermis

Papillary layer

A

Papillary plexus:epidermal blood supply

Meissners corpuscles

134
Q

Dermis

Reticular layer

A

Cutaneous plexus

Lamellated corpuscles:blood supply

135
Q

Dermis

A

Wrinkles and lines of cleavage

Thermoregulation:presence of sweat glands in dermis

136
Q

Subcutaneous layer of hypodermis

A

Adipose tissue

Supporting layer

Energy reserve

Insulation, energy, padding

137
Q

Hair follicles

A

98% of hair not on head

138
Q

Hair papilla

A

Blood supply and nerves

139
Q

Hair bulb

A

Epithelial cells surrounds papilla

140
Q

Hair matrix

A

Hair production

141
Q

Hair Cortex

A

Outer layer

Medulla:inner layer

142
Q

Cuticle of hair

A

Protects cortex and medulla

143
Q

Hair root

A

Below skin

144
Q

Hair shaft

A

Above skin

145
Q

External root sheath

A

Extension of epidermis

146
Q

Connect tissue root sheath

A

Extension of dermis

147
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Causes hair to stand up when contracts

When scared or cold

148
Q

Root hair plexus

A

Fine touch

149
Q

Vellus

A

Hair you can’t see

150
Q

Intermediate

A

Arm hairs

151
Q

Terminal

A

Public and leg hairs

152
Q

Hair color

A

Melanin:darker hair

Karatin:more red hair

Hair goes gray when you stop producing pigments

Bubbles and no karatin cause white hair

153
Q

Hair Growth and replacement

A

Asynchronous

154
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

Sebum:oil

Holocrine secretion

Sebaceous follicles: gland only, no hair, on hands and soles of feet

155
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Oily secretion

Larger more active at puberty

Mammary glands:milk production from modified apocrine gland

156
Q

Merocrine or eccrine gland

A

Watery substance that cools you off

Thermoregulation

Excretion

Protection:urea and salt

Ceruminous gland:in ear, produce cerumin(ear wax)

157
Q

Nail body

A

Nail bed underneath body:Supporting

Nail root under eponychium where new nail growth accuracy:like modified hair

Nail groove

Nail fold:holds nail in place

158
Q

Epinychium

A

Cuticle

Lunula

159
Q

Hyponychium

A

Beneath nail edge

Protection

Anatomy Exam 1 (1 decks)

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