exam 1. Flashcards
empirical methods.
approaches to inquiry using measurements and observation.
ethics.
guidelines for the protection of research participants and maintain research integrity.
hypothesis.
a idea/question that can be tested.
theories.
closely related phenomenon or observations.
behaviorism.
the study of behavior.
cognitive psychology.
the study of mental processes.
consciousness.
awareness of self and the environment.
empiricism.
the belief that knowledge comes from experience.
eugenics.
the practice of selective breeding for desired traits.
flashbulb memory.
a detailed and vivid memory with emotional significance.
functionalism.
the system that focuses on the utility of consciousness.
gestalt psychology.
the perspective in studying the unity of experience.
‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.’
introspection.
the method of focusing on internal processes.
popularized by willhem wundt; participants made self-reports of their reactions/experience to stimuli.
neural impulse.
an electro-chemical signal utilized my neurons.
practitioner-scholar model.
the model of training pro psychologist in clinical practice.
psychophysics.
the study of the relationship between physical reality and mental reality.
or…
physical stimuli and perception.
realism.
the belief that emphasizes the senses as a way to understand the external world.
scientist/practitioner model.
the model of training pro psychologist in both research and clinical skills.
structuralism.
the system that focuses on describing the elements of conscious experience.
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
the inability to say a word despite having the sensation to do so.
confounds.
factors that undermine the accuracy of making inferences.
correlation.
measures the association between two factors. NOT causation.
dependent variable.
the measured variable in an experiment.
experimenter expectation.
when the experimenters expectations influence the outcome.
independent variable.
the manipulated variable in an experiment.
longitudinal study.
a study that follows the same group over time.
operational definitions.
how researchers measure a concept.
participant demand.
when participant behave in a way the researchers wants them to behave.
placebo effect.
a sense of influence despite NOT receiving an actual ‘treatment’.
quasi-experimental design.
an experiment that does not require random assignment.
random assignment.
assigning participants to different conditions by chance.
ambulatory assessment.
an umbrella term to describe methods of assessing behavior, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in natural settings.
daily diary method.
completing a questionnaire of thoughts, feelings, and behavior at the end of the day.
day reconstruction method.
describing experience and behavior upon a ‘systematic reconstruction’ the following day.
ecological momentary assessment.
an umbrella term that repeatedly samples participants experiences, behavior and physiology in real time.
ecological study.
the degree to which conditions in a study are typical of everyday life.
electronically activated recorder, EAR.
the method where participants wear an audio recorder that records snippets of ambient sounds around them.
experience-sampling method.
the report of thoughts, feelings, and behavior at different points of time over the course of a day.
external validity.
the degree to which a finding generalizes— from a specific sample and context of study, to some larger population and broader settings.
full-cycle psychology.
the scientific approach that begins with observational field study, followed by laboratory experimentation to verify effects and isolate mechanisms, then back to field research to corroborate the findings.
generalize.
to make broad conclusions based on a smaller sample of observations.
internal validity.
the degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been ambiguously established.
linguistic inquiry and word count.
the method of text analysis that extracts grammatical and psychological info by counting word frequencies.
lived day analysis.
the method of observation that follows an individual with a video camera to objectively document daily life.
white coat hypertension.
the phenomenon where participants experience elevated blood pressure in the hospital/lab but not in every day life.
conceptual replication.
the scientific attempt to replicate studies under different conditions (samples, times, situations). same results indicate that findings are generalizable.
confederate.
an actor working with researchers i deceive unsuspecting participants. aka a stooge.
exact/direct replication.
the scientific attempt to exactly copy an earlier study to determine consistency and accuracy of findings.
priming.
the process of exposure to a stimulus to make thoughts, feelings, or behavior more salient.
sample size.
the number of participants in a study.
hindsight bias.
the ‘i told you so’ phenomenon.
overconfidence bias.
a bias in estimating things. ex, time estimates.
psuedo-psychology.
false/popular psychology that focuses on wants/cravings. characterized by simplified observation and un-based scientific evidence. usually associated with marketing and advertisements.
