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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 interacting components are tissues made of?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM)

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2
Q

Describe light microscopy.

A

Light beam is transmitted through a tissue.

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3
Q

T/F: Bright field microscopy is a type of light microscopy.

A

True

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4
Q

What does a bright field microscope require?

A

Staining

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5
Q

What is the difference between phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy?

A

Phase contrast: light changes its speed when passing through structures with different refractive indices and observe living non-stained structures.
Fluorescence: affinity of fluorescent compounds for specific cell components.

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6
Q

What are some advantages of light microscopy?

A

Inexpensive, rapid diagnosis, observe living specimens

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7
Q

What are some disadvantages of light microscopy?

A

2-D image, limited resolving power due to wavelength of light, needs maintenance, requires quality analysis and control

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8
Q

What are some advantages of using a dissecting scope?

A

Inexpensive, practical, 3-D image, microsurgery

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9
Q

What are some disadvantages of using a dissecting scope?

A

Low resolving power, needs maintenance

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10
Q

Which type of electron microscopy is based on the interaction of electrons and tissue components?

A

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

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11
Q

What can the viewer see on a SEM?

A

Only external structures (scans the surface)

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12
Q

What conditions have to be met in order to see a specimen under the microscope?

A

Specimen must…

  • Be well preserved (fixation)
  • Thin to allow transmission of light (microtome)
  • Enough contrast to observe details (staining)
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13
Q

What is the most common survey routine staining method?

A

Hematoxylin- Eosin (H + E)

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14
Q

What is histochemical staining method used to demonstrate?

A

Chemical constituients DNA, RNA, lipids, glycogen, carbohydrates and elements such as Ca

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15
Q

What color is DNA stained?

A

Basophilic = Blue

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16
Q

In a Hematoxylin - Eosin stain what are the possible colors and what do they indicate?

A

Red/ pink = Acidophilic or Eosinophilic

Blue/ purple = Basophilic

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17
Q

T/F: Basic dyes like Hematoxylin stain acidic structures: DNA, RNA, acid proteins; and Acid dyes like Eosin stain basic structures: collagen, hemoglobin, protein amines.

A

True

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18
Q

What are 2 examples of special stains discussed?

A

Silver stain and elastic fiber’s stain

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19
Q

What is silver stain used for?

A

Reticular fibers, nerve fibers

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20
Q

What does the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain for?

A
  • Basement membrane and localize carbohydrates
  • Goblet cells stain magenta
  • Mucus in respiratory tract
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21
Q

What can histochemistry be used to demonstrate?

A

Rapidly dividing chromosomes of DNA, carbohydrates like glycogen in the liver, lipids in tissues, spinal cord gray matter with myelin lipid

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22
Q

Describe fluorescence microscopy.

A

– Blue fluorescence binding to nuclear DNA.

– Green fluorescent dye binds to actin filaments.

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23
Q

What is the difference between immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry?

A 
Histo= tissue
Cyto= cell
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24
Q

What are the basic constituents of a cell?

A
  • cytosol (hyaloplasm)
  • organelles (cell organelles) 
  • cell inclusions (paraplasm)
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25
Q

Hyaloplasm

A

Basic structureless cytoplasm

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26
Q

Paraplasm

A

Cell inclusions: secretory granules, glycogen, lipid droplets, lipofuscin, melanin

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27
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic info, double envelope for eukaryotes

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28
Q

Examples of multi-nucleated cells?

A

Skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts, precursors of platelets

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29
Q

What are the two types of chromatin?

A

Heterochromatin (inactive) vs. Euchromatin (active)

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30
Q

T/F: Chromatin is eosinophilic.

A

False, basophilic

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31
Q

In a liver cell, for example, would the chromatin be heterochromatin or euchromatin?

A

Euchromatin, it is active

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32
Q

The most euchromatic cells are?

A
  • Neurons
  • Hepatocytes (liver cells)
  • Pancreatic acinar cells
  • Sertoli cells
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33
Q

What are 4 functions of the cell membrane?

A
  1. Communication
  2. Intercellular connection
  3. Physical barrier
  4. Selective permeability
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34
Q

Describe the basic structure and function of mitochondria.

A

Self-replicating, circular DNA, double membrane with cristae, produce ATP, inherited from mother

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35
Q

Roles of mitochondria?

A

ATP generation, cell death necrosis, cell death apoptosis

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36
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of intercommunicating channels

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37
Q

What does the region on the ER that is rough contain?

A

Polyribosomes

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38
Q

Functions of smooth ER?

A
  • Lipid biosynthesis
  • Detoxification
  • Sequestration of calcium ions
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39
Q

Functions of rough ER?

A
  • Segregate proteins not destined to the cytoplasm
  • Glycosylation of glycoproteins
  • Synthesis of phospholipids
  • Assembly of multichain proteins
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40
Q

Describe the golgi apparatus.

A

Collection of membrane- bound flattened sacs ‘cisternae’, modifies and packages proteins

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41
Q

Describe lysosomes.

A
  • Secretory vesicles/ granules, membrane bound
  • Have hydrolytic enzymes
  • Pinocytosis, phagocytosis
  • Intracellular digestion
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42
Q

If material remains permanently, is known as?

A

Lipofuscin

Ex. cardiac cells, neuron

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43
Q

Why are lysosomes commonly seen in neutrophils?

A

Fight against bacterial agents

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44
Q

What are proteasomes?

A

Small enzymatic complexes for intracellular digestion that requires ubiquitin protein

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45
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Small globular protein present in all eukaryotic cells.

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46
Q

What is the primary function of proteasomes?

A

Recycling amino acids from endogenous proteins

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47
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Contain the enzyme ‘catalase’ which can degrade intracellular hydrogen peroxide

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48
Q

What are the different types of secretory vesicles/ granules?

A

Lysosomes, proteasomes, peroxisomes

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49
Q

What are the 3 constituents of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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50
Q

Describe the microfilaments.

A

Actin: thin, 5-7 nm diameter
Myosin: thick, 15 nm diameter

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51
Q

How big are intermediate filaments?

A

6-12 nm diameter

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52
Q

Tonofilaments (cytokeratins)

A

Keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia

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53
Q

Vimentin

A
  • Mesenchymal cells

- Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells

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54
Q

Desmin

A
  • Muscle

- Striated and smooth

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55
Q

Neurofilaments

A

-Neurons

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56
Q

Glial filaments

A
  • Glial cells

- Astrocytes

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57
Q

In microtubules, how are doublets linked?

A

Dynein arms

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58
Q

What are some inclusions discussed?

A

Pigments, Glycogen, Lipid droplets

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59
Q

What are the different types of pigments?

A

Melanin, lipofuscin, lutein, hemosiderin

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60
Q

T/F: Glycogen is present in highly energetic types of tissues, like the liver and muscle.

A

True

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61
Q

What are some surface projections discussed?

A

Microvilli, cilia, stereocilia

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62
Q

Microvilli

A

Small, absorptive, form a brush boarder
Digestive tract, kidney
Increase surface area -> more absorption

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63
Q

Cilia

A

Motile projections (they move!), longer, less dense, easier to observe under LM, come from basal bodies

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64
Q

Stereocilia

A

Nonmotile projections, absorptive

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65
Q

Cell shapes

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, spindle, cylindrical, multipolar, round

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66
Q

Nuclear shape

A

Round, elongated, polymorphonuclear

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67
Q

Nuclear position

A

Central, eccentric/hypolemmal, apical vs. basal

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68
Q

Epithelial cells have…

A
  • Apical (free) surface
  • Lateral surfaces
  • Basal surface
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69
Q

Tissue

A

Anaggregationofcellsandextracellularsubstances.

70
Q

Epithelium

A

Atissuecomposedofclosely aggregatedcellswithverylittleextracellularsubstance.

71
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

o Epithelialtissue
o Connectivetissue
o Musculartissue
o Nervoustissue

72
Q

What are the 3 categories of epithelia?

A

Surface or lining, glandular, and special

73
Q

Where is surface epithelia found?

A

Lining luminal organs, tubular structures and body cavities

74
Q

What is the function of glandular epithelia?

A

Synthesize, store and release their product -> secretion

75
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Protection
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Diffusion
  • Friction Reduction
  • Cleaning
  • Sensation
76
Q

Which type of epithelium promotes diffusion of gases, liquids and nutrients?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

77
Q

What are the 3 germ layers in a developing embryo that contribute to formation of epithelia?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
78
Q

List some characteristics of epithelium.

A

Covers surfaces and lines lumens, high cell density, little intercellular space, basement membrane present, avascular lining epithelium, few nerve endings

79
Q

What is the difference between epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells?

A

Epithelial cells: High cell density, little intercellular matrix
Mesenchymal cells: Few cells, lots of intercellular matrix

80
Q

Where does the basal lamina lie?

A

Lies at the interface of epithelial and connective tissue.

81
Q

T/F: Small blood capillaries always enter an epithelium across a basal lamina.

A

False, they never do

82
Q

Basement membrane

A

When components of a basal lamina are distinguishable under light microscopy

83
Q

What are the roles of the basal lamina?

A

Provide structural support, act as selective barrier for epithelial layer

84
Q

T/F: Basement membrane is a semi-permeable barrier.

85
Q

Which type of stain is used for basement membrane?

A

PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) for carbohydrates

86
Q

What causes epithelial cells to be cohesive?

A
  • Transmembrane glycoproteins
  • Cadherins
  • Folds of PM b/w adjacent cells form intercellular adhesions
87
Q

What are 3 types of intercellular junctions?

A

Tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

88
Q

Which type of intercellular junction formsa continuous

hermeticsealaroundthecell, and prevents leakage?

A

Tight junctions

89
Q

What is another name for anchoring junctions?

A

Desmosomes

90
Q

What type of junction adheres epithelial skin cells?

A

Desmosomes

91
Q

What is another name for gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions

92
Q

What do gap junctions provide from one cell to the next?

A

Cytoplasmic channels or tunnels

93
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium.

A

Composed of flat, elongated cells, round nucleus centrally located

94
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium located?

A

Lining moist internal surfaces, alveolar walls, lumen of blood vessels, capsule of renal glomeruli

95
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

Lining ducts of glands, choroid plexus in brain, lining follicles of thyroid gland, lens of eye

96
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelium.

A

Tall, narrow cells with ovoid nucleus near base of cell

97
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

A

– Liningtheluminalsurfaceofstomach,smalland
largeintestine,gallbladder
– Liningtheuterusanduterinetube

98
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelium composed of?

A

A single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells

99
Q

How are cells arranged in pseudostratified epithelium?

A

All cells contact the underlying basement membrane, but not all reach the surface

100
Q

Where can one find pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, male repro

101
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Epithelium composed of several layers of cells

102
Q

What are the 2 types of squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinized and non-keratinized

103
Q

T/F: There are nuclei present in keratinized epithelium.

104
Q

What is another name used to describe transitional epithelium?

A

Urothelium

105
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found?

A

Lines urinary passages

106
Q

How can glandular epithelium be classified?

A 
1. Classificationaccordingtothenumberofcellsinthegland
unicellularormulticellular
2. ShapeofDuct
3. ShapeofAdenomere
4. TypeofProduct
5. ModeofSecretion
107
Q

What are unicellular glands and give an example.

A

Found in epithelial lining and glands of intestine and respiratory tract. Ex Goblet cells (mucinogen granules) in the colon

108
Q

Adenomere

A

Cluster of epithelial cells and the functional unit

109
Q

What do ducts do?

A

Convey products to needed locations

110
Q

What are the 2 types of ducts?

A 
Simple= one opening draining the gland
Compound= many branches
111
Q

What are the 3 shapes of adenomeres?

A

Tubular- straight or coiled
Acinar- pie shaped, small lumen
Alveolar- large lumen

112
Q

What are the 4 types of products?

A

Serous- watery
Mucous- viscous
Mixed- both
Sebaceous- oily

113
Q

Serous gland

A
  • cells have round nuclei
  • cytoplasm is basophilic in basal portion and acidophilic in the apical part
  • zymogen granules
  • sweat
114
Q

Mucous gland

A
  • cells have flat, heterochromatic nuclei at the base of each cell
  • vacuolated cytoplasm (frothy) and pale
  • mucinogen granules are not detectable with routine staining
115
Q

Mixed gland

A
  • mucous and serous cells sharing a common duct system

- saliva

116
Q

Sebaceous gland

A
  • centrally located nucleus
  • cytoplasm is pale and foamy
  • skin
117
Q

4 Modes of secretion?

A

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine, endocrine

118
Q

Merocrine

A
  • smooth lumen

- no cytoplasm lost producing secretion

119
Q

Apocrine

A
  • apex bulges, some cytoplasm lost producing secretion

- predominant sweat gland, prostate gland, mammary gland

120
Q

Holocrine

A

entire cell is the product

121
Q

Endocrine

A

secreted product is directed toward vasculature

122
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Contractile, associated with salivary, mammary and sweat glands

123
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • Connect
  • Suspend, give form, subdivide
  • Insulation and storage
  • Defend
  • Provide nutrition
  • Repair and regeneration
124
Q

What are the 2 components of connective tissue?

A

Cells and matrix

125
Q

2 Cells of connective tissue

A
  1. Embryonic mesenchyme cells: Resident cells

2. Hematopoietic stem cells: Transient cells

126
Q

What are some examples of resident cells?

A

Fibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, macrophages, mast cells
-Always there

127
Q

What are some examples of transient cells?

A

Plasma cells, leukocytes

128
Q

What do fibroblasts form?

A

Collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers of the matrix

129
Q

What is an inactive fibroblast known as?

130
Q

Describe the role of macrophages in CT.

A
  • Resident phagocytic cell of CT
  • Originates from monocytes in blood, enters CT, termed macrophage
  • Can proliferate locally
  • Survive in tissue for months
  • May be named by location
131
Q

What are 3 components in the matrix?

A

Fibers, ground substance, tissue fluid

132
Q

3 types of fibers in matrix?

A

Collagen, elastic, reticular

133
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Amorphous, formed by principal cells of tissue, contain GAGs, Proteoglycans, Glycoproteins

134
Q

Describe tissue fluid

A

A solution that bathes and surrounds the cells and fibers, comes from plasma of blood

135
Q

Differentiate between collagen and elastic fibers.

A

C: white, tensile, strong, no stretch
E: yellow, weak, stretch and recoil

136
Q

Which are the most numerous fibers in CT and bone?

A

Collagen fibers

137
Q

Collagen type 1

A

found in bone, dentin, dermis, tendons

(fibrocartilage); resists tensile forces

138
Q

Collagen type 2

A

forms fibrils found in cartilage, resists

compression

139
Q

Collagen type 3

A

reticular fibers found in stroma of expandable organs- spleen, LN, liver, CVS, lymphatics

140
Q

Collagen type 4

A

basement membranes

141
Q

What is an important cofactor in synthesizing collagen?

142
Q

Where are elastic fibers found?

A

Aorta, lungs, vocal cords, dermis, pinna of ear, epiglottis

143
Q

Which stain is used for reticular fibers?

A

Silver stain

144
Q

Where are reticular fibers found?

A

Form a network of cells in lymph node, spleen, and bone marrow

145
Q

Properties of ground substance allows for what?

A
  • Binding of water
  • Resisting compressive forces
  • Cell adhesion to fibers
  • Cell migration
  • Barrier to bacterial/ venom penetration
146
Q

What are some common macromolecules of ground substance?

A

GAGs: HA sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate
Glycoproteins: Fibronectin, Laminin

147
Q

How are proteoglycans formed?

A

By covalently linking GAGs to protein core

-Regulate passage of molecules and cells in intercellular space

148
Q

What do structural glycoproteins do?

A

Proteins with attached carbohydrates, help to attach cells to each other and to ECM

149
Q

What is CT fluid composed of and what is its function?

A
  • Nutrients, dissolved gases, derived from plasma
  • Bathes matrix and cells, aids in removing waste
  • Fluid movement and prevention of edema
150
Q

What are the types of proper CT?

A
  1. Loose CT (areolar)
  2. Dense CT
  3. Reticular CT
  4. Adipose CT
151
Q

Differentiate between loose CT and dense CT.

A

L: Ubiquitous, loosely arranged fibers, cell constituents vary with location
D: Irregular and regularly arranged, densely packed fibers, strong

152
Q

Function of bone

A

Rigid protective and supporting framework for soft tissues

153
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Semi-rigid support to specific sites: respiratory tract, external ear, joints

154
Q

Functions of joints

A

Composite structures which unite bones and can provide varying degrees of movement

155
Q

What do ligaments provide?

A

Stability of joints

156
Q

What do tendons provide?

A

Strong, flexible connections b/w muscles and bones

157
Q

Describe cartilage

A

-Avascular, semi-rigid form of CT characterized by
absence of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.
-Supports soft tissues, important in bone growth.
-Composed of cells embedded in ground substance
and CT fibers

158
Q

Cartilage arises from what?

A

Mesenchymal cells- stem cells of bone and cartilage

159
Q

Perichondrium

A

Cells have cartilage forming potential; precursors of chondrocytes. Resembles mature fibroblasts

160
Q

T/F: The inner layer of perichondrium is cellular and it is present in all hyaline cartilages except on articular surfaces.

161
Q

What is ground substance composed of?

A

Sulfated polysaccharide units GAGs (ex. chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate)

162
Q

What is responsible for the strong and flexible

property of cartilage?

A

Proteoglycans

163
Q

Within normal articular cartilage,
there is only one type of highly
specialized cell?

A

The chondrocyte

164
Q

What is the ECM that surrounds each chondrocyte?

A

Territorial matrix

165
Q

Why is the cartilage matrix more basophilic?

A

Due to high concentrations of GAGs

166
Q

Growth of cartilage occurs in 2 manners?

A
  1. Interstitial growth from within the cartilage

2. Appositional growth at the periphery

167
Q

The classification of cartilage is based on what?

A

Based mainly in the amount of collagen or elastic fibers present within the extracellular matrix.

168
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
169
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

170
Q

How is mature hyaline cartilage characterized by?

A

Small aggregation of chondrocytes embedded in an amorphous matrix of ground substance reinforced by collagen type II fibers.

171
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A 
 Fetal axial and appendicular skeleton.
 Growth plates – physis.
 Articular cartilage.
 Costo-chondral junctions.
 Nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, bronchi.
172
Q

T/F: Articular cartilage has perichondrium.

A

False, it does not. Therefore healing capability is reduced

Microanatomy (1 decks)

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