Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oceans > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

LAG1: whats the y axis

A

pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

LAG1: whats the x axis

A

temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

LAG1: which letter is earth

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

LAG1: which letter is venus

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

LAG1: which letter is mars

A

A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LAG1: which letter shows where all three water phases occur

A

C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LAG2: whats the y axis

A

number of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LAG2: whats the x axis

A

miles/second (velocity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

First to present scientific evidence that continents move, published in the 1920’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meteor

A

First detailed mapping of the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean in the 1920’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

H.M.S. Challenger

A

First ocean voyage devoted purely to oceanography in 1872

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

William Beebe

A

the first to explore a half mile below the sea surface in the Bathysphere in 1934

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Trieste

A

First submarine designed to reach the bottom of the Marianas trench in 1960

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ooze

A

sediment made of remains of micro-organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

continental shelf

A

submerged edges of continents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mid-atlantic ridge

A

divergent (pulling apart) plate boundary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

deepest parts of the oceans

A

trenches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

black smokers

A

hydrothermal vents on mid-ocean ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

abyssal plains

A

flat, smooth sediment covered areas of the deep ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

transform faults

A

faults in fracture zones crossing mid-ocean ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hawaiian island chain

A

ocean hot spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Convection currents

A

transport heat in Earths interior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Guyot

A

a submerged, flat-topped extinct volcano

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

an example of a divergent (pulling apart) plate boundary

A

The mid atlantic ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

an example of convergent (colliding) plate boundary is

A

the Marianas Trench

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the history of the changing shape of the ocean basins is recored in the magnetic patterns in the rock of the ocean floor. this is because

A
  • the rocks get older with increasing distance form the mid-ocean ridges
  • the magnetic patterns are symmetrical around the mid-ocean ridges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

lithospheric plates move because

A

convection cells push heat up at the ridges and cold descending plate edges descend at trenches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the magnetic field of the earth is generated by

A

turbulence in the liquid outer core of the earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the shortest residence time to the longest, the order of the earths reservoirs is

A

atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryoshpere, lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

sediment on the floor of the open ocean in composed primarily of

A

silt and clay, and biological remains called ooze

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

LAM4: location of the trench where two lithosphere plates are colliding

A

B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

LAM4: location where the volcanos will form the volcanic island arc in this collision zone

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the core of the earth is

A
  • composed of dense, heavy elements that generate heat
  • is divided into an outer core and a small solid inner core
  • generates earths magnetic field
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the lithosphere is made of

A

the crust and upper mantel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the deepest parts of the ocean are

A

nearest convergent (colliding) plate boundaries aka: trenches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

hotspots form

A

volcanic island chains, such as the Hawaiian Islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

hydrothermal vents form

A

in the spreading centers (rifts) of mid-ocean ridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the identification of lithospheric plate motion came from

A
  • making detailed maps of the ocean floor
  • magnetic records in ocean floor basalt
  • age dating the ocean floor basalt on either side of the mid-ocean ridges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the major way heat is moved in the earths interior is by

A

convection cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

throughout ancient history, ocean navigation was done by

A
  • using a detailed knowledge of coastal areas
  • studying the way wave patterns behave that reflect and refract from land
  • using the position of the stars and the height of the sun
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

hot magma pushes upwards to make the new ocean floor at the mid-ocean ridges. this process is known as

A

ridge push

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cooling ocean lithosphere sinks as it moves away from the mid-ocean ridge area, and is eventually subjected and melted back into the asthenosphere, this process is known as

A

slab pull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the speed of the lithospheric plate motion is measured in

A

centimeters per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

when buying coastal property, you know you can get online flood maps and erosion maps from

A
  • federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA)

- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the phytoplankton are called the primary producers because

A
  • they produce food using sunlight to turn into CO2 and water into available energy
  • they are the first (primary) level in the trophic pyramid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

the least productive of ocean areas are listed here is

A

the middle of the gyres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

a red tide occurs

A

when certain algae have a population “bloom”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

biological amplification

A

involves the concentration of pollutants in organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

beach nourishment is an expensive way to save a beach because

A
  • a donor sand source has to be found that may be far away
  • the sand grain size and shape (roundness) must be matched
  • the cost of bringing the new sand to the beach is enormous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the most productive of ocean areas

A

coral reefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

rachel carson

A

author of Silent Spring, about bioamplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

mercury

A

a heavy metal pollutant in the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

estuaries

A

nurseries of the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

keystone species

A

significant to the survival of the community e.g.-krill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

red tide

A

a population bloom of toxic algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

there are far fewer top carnivores than any other group of organisms in the trophic pyramid

A

because there is a loss of usable energy at every stage of the pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

the plankton group includes

A
  • immature (larval) stages of invertebrates
  • algae
  • microscopic crustaceans
  • bacteria, protozoans, and viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

if caught in a rip current, you should

A

swim parallel to the shoreline, then angle in towards shore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

heavy metals such as lead and mercury

A

are concentrated in estuaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

plastic pollution is a very modern. In the ocean plastic garbage is particularly bad because

A
  • most pieces are very small
  • most of the pieces float just partially submerged
  • birds, fish, sea turtles, seals, and other animals mistake plastic for food
  • plastic degrades very slowly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

plastic collects in “garbage patches” in the surface ocean

A
  • in areas within the gyres
  • from sources all over the world
  • as square miles of small, often tiny, floating pieces
  • and interfere with marine ecology and animal life cycles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

estuaries are biologically extremely productive because

A
  • there are more nutrients available

- there are fewer predators in estuaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

primary productivity occurs

A

at the base of the trophic pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

estuaries are rich in nutrients because

A
  • estuaries occur at the mouths of rivers

- nutrients come in from rivers and also from the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

as continental glaciers melt, we can expect the ocean to respond by

A

a rise in sea level

66
Q

rip currents occur

A
  • when a narrow, fast moving current heads off shore

- as part of coastal current activity, following a storm

67
Q

an estuary in which there is a gradual change in the salinity of the water is

A

a well mixed estuary

68
Q

the water in most estuaries tends to be less salty

A

at the top of the water column, in the surface water

69
Q

nitrates and phosphates entering estuaries from fertilizer run-off

A
  • cause an algal bloom of high productivity

- can trigger a red tide

70
Q

the biggest animals on earth, the baleen whales

A
  • feed on krill which are primary consumers in the zooplankton
  • are efficient consumers, because they feed on the lowest consumer level
71
Q

many fish “school” that is travel together in organized groups and can

A
  • avoid a predator
  • disguise themselves as a single large organism
  • be more efficient hunters by working as a team
72
Q

mangroves are tropical forests that

A
  • live where the warm gyre currents from the equatorial area can reach them
  • play a major role in stabilizing the tropical coastlines
73
Q

examples of symbiosis include

A
  • mutualism
  • parasitism
  • commensalism
74
Q

shorelines that are not altered by human interference tend to smooth out over time because

A
  • the wave action coverages on headlands and wears them away by erosion
  • the wave action diverges in bays and is not as focused
75
Q

U.S. coastal erosion rates are highest

A

along the California coastline and along the mid Atlantic U.S. coastline

76
Q

marine animals living in estuaries must be able to

A

tolerate big salinity changes

77
Q

a tsunami or seismic sea wave is a wave that is

A
  • highly destructive
  • is typically caused by an earthquake in the floor of the ocean
  • travels at seeds averaging 400 miles per hour in the open ocean
  • behaves as a shallow water wave
78
Q

bioamplification results in

A
  • top carnivores having higher amounts of mercury and organic toxins like PCBs in their tissues
  • increasing amounts of certain pollutants up the trophic pyramid
  • low amounts of pollutants in ocean water becoming high amounts in some organisms
79
Q

kelp forests are

A
  • important feeding habitats for many marine animals
  • forests composed of marine macro-algae
  • shown to have very high biodiversity
80
Q

LAM5: the long shore current is

A
  • carrying sand from the east to the west (right to left)

- building a sand split with sand transported from elsewhere along the coast

81
Q

LAM6: evidence that the peninsula has been growing outward can be seen in

A
  • the flat triangular area, which was once an open water marsh
  • the lines of trees, which follow the old beaches
  • the big difference in growth of the sand split in the past ten years, compared to the previous 8 years
82
Q

LAM7: which direction is the long shore current headed?

A

from left to right

83
Q

LAM8: the long shore current is traveling and this can be observed because of the on the upstream side of the jetty and the on the downstream side of the stone jetty

A

north, sand accumulation, erosion

84
Q

LAM9: 17

A

17

85
Q

LAM10: the estuary of the Scamander river has changed in the last 3000 years due to

A

continuing supply of sediments and growth of the river delta

86
Q

LAM10: the location of the city of Troy shows us

A
  • how the landscape can change significantly in a few thousand years
  • how bays and barbers once suitable for shipping don’t stay that way
  • how archaeologists can use coastal processes to locate sites
87
Q

the mounds of water in the middle of gyres average only about 2 meters in height because there is a balance between

A

gravity and coriolis effect

88
Q

what makes water more dense

A
  • colder

- saltier

89
Q

LAM11: y axis is

A

temp

90
Q

LAM11: x axis is

A

salinity

91
Q

LAM11: least dense to most

A

W Y X Z

92
Q

LAM11: R and Y, when they meet what will happen?

A

mix because they are the same density

93
Q

Kon-Tiki voyage- Peru Humboldt current

A

by Africa

94
Q

Antarctic circumpolar current-west wind drift

A

by antarctica

95
Q

visible light penetrates ocean water. the colors that penetrate the deepest are

A

blue and violet, because they have the highest energy

96
Q

oxygen enters the ocean

A

just at the top from photosynthesis and from the air

97
Q

average ocean salinity

A

35 grams/liter

98
Q

SOFAR channel

A

minimum velocity of sound

99
Q

biological pump

A

photosynthesis and respiration

100
Q

thermocline

A

change in temperature

101
Q

reproduction and hatching time for many marine invertebrates

A

full moon and new moon

102
Q

corilois effect

A

ocean gyres

103
Q

when waves break

A

steepness reaches 1:7 height to length

104
Q

sodium chloride

A

most common salt

105
Q

issac newton

A

the tide behaves like a giant wave

106
Q

semi-diurnal tides

A

2 high tides and 2 low tides in 24 hours

107
Q

the ions of calcium and bicarbonate and carbonate have a short residence time in ocean water because

A

they are used to make seashells, corals, and ooze

108
Q

the ions of sodium and chloride have a long residence time in the ocean water because

A

they stay in water column until eventually precipitated out as salt

109
Q

carbon dioxide is added to ocean water

A

at all depths, mostly from animal respiration and decay

110
Q

neap tides

A

behave as shallow water waves

111
Q

which direction on the PH scale is more acidic

A

numbers less than 7 (left)

112
Q

average PH of ocean water

A

8

113
Q

which direction does plants push the PH of the ocean water

A

right, more basic

114
Q

which direction do animals push the PH of the ocean

A

left, more acidic

115
Q

the temp, salinity, and amount of oxygen of a water mass are taken

A

at the surface, where the water mass forms

116
Q

oxygen can be more easily dissolved in what kind of water

A

fresher, colder water

117
Q

in the northern hemisphere the most dense ocean water formed is

A

north atlantic deep water

118
Q

spring tide occurs when the moon is

A

in a straight line with the earth and the sun

119
Q

when waves break the BLANK gets smaller and the BLANK gets larger, so that the wave become top-heavy and unstable and falls

A

wavelength smaller and height bigger

120
Q

North Atlantic Deep water and Antarctic Bottom water form at the surface where

A

the poles

121
Q

the tide is an enormous wave that

A

is unaffected by the positions of the continents

122
Q

wave speed

A

wavelength dived by period

123
Q

wave generating forces

A

wind, atmospheric pressure changes, earthquakes, tides

124
Q

restoring forces

A

friction and gravity

125
Q

deep water waves

A

water depth greater than 1/2 the wavelength

126
Q

shallow water waves

A

water depth less then 1/20 wavelength

127
Q

photosynthesis

A
  • a process in which carbon dioxide and water are used to produce carbs and oxygen
  • the way that phytoplankton obtain their energy
  • one of 2 major sources of oxygen in the surface water of the oceans
128
Q

waves in the ocean can

A
  • be additive (construction) and can form a rogue wave or superwave
  • release high amounts of energy when breaking, causing coastal erosion
  • occur as subsurface internal waves, occurring between deep water masses
129
Q

spring tides occur

A
  • twice a month

- when the sun, moon, and earth are in a straight line

130
Q

the coriolis effect turns wind and water currents

A

to the right in the northern hemisphere

131
Q

coral reefs

A

colonial structures built of calcium carbonate by tiny coral invertebrate animals called polyps

132
Q

what limits coral reef distribution

A
  • temperature and water depth limit their range

- competition for space and food is intense

133
Q

how do these tiny animals make such big structures (coral reefs)

A
  • gradually accumulation of skeletons form the reefs
  • coral provides carbon dioxide and fertilizer so the coral have access to more oxygen and can then make big structures that are reefs
134
Q

coral polyps have

A

symbiont algae inside them

135
Q

algae provide, and corals provide, for what

A

algae- extra oxygen
corals-fertilizer (waste) and CO2
for photosynthesis

136
Q

what do coral reef polyps depend on and why?

A

their symbionts, if they lose them, corals undergo “bleaching” and die

137
Q

where are the most productive fisheries

A

estuaries, nearshore regions and continental shelves

138
Q

maximum sustainable yield

A

the amount that can be caught without impairing future stocks. Must consider

  • need for breeding stock
  • availability of food for animals higher in the food chain
139
Q

repeating problem regarding fisheries? and examples

A

overfishing leading to collapse of a fish population ex. cod, anchovies, tuna, herring

140
Q

what makes marine mammals different from land?

and the same

A 
Same 
-insulation- fat (blubber) 
-fur 
-still air breathing animals 
Different 
-streamlined body
-large size to retain body heat 
-deep divers
-can hold breath for long time- story oxygen in blood
-tissues 
-can reduce heart rate in a dive
141
Q

where are the international whale sanctuaries

A

indian ocean, antarctic circumpolar current (southern ocean)

142
Q

how do whales communicate with each other across long distance

A

vocalize or sing, each whales song is distinctive , migration paths?

143
Q

where do they raise there young

A

warm water is breeding grounds

144
Q

where do whales feed

A
  • sieve while moving forward
  • lunging into schools of prey
  • scooping mud from the bottom
145
Q

why were whales economically important in the 19th century, and what kinds of products replaced the need to hunt whales

A

hunted for

  • whale oil (lamps and fuel)
  • whale blubber (fuel)
  • baleen (now items made of plastic)

replaced by jojoba plants
and plastic

146
Q

la nina and el nino

A

la nina year less likely in pacific, atlantic is warmer, hurricanes more likely
el nino year more likely in the pacific, atlantic is cooler, hurricanes less likely

147
Q

LOOK AT el nino and la nina graphs

A

la nina- thermocline is more steep, warm pool is close to equator and the storm is going right
normal- thermocline is starting to level, warm pool is closer to land and storm is going right
el nino- thermocline is very level and warm pool is big and centered and storm is large and going up and to the left and right

148
Q

what features determine the development of a hurricane

A

temperature, water vapor, converging winds, and wind shear

149
Q

whats critical in the presence of a storm at sea, how big are they, what is their fuel and what happens when they come ashore

A

warm water temps (80 degrees) and low wind shear, hot towers fuel the whole system, as soon as it hits land it cuts ties from the sea and looses its “gas line” and looses some power

150
Q

describe the motion of the formation of a hurricane

A 
start as low pressure systems 
swing around left 
basic rain storm and starts at the surface 
air is shot upward 
follows coriolis at top spinning right
spirals in middle going up
151
Q

climate forcing: external

A

processes that drive climate change from outside the earth and its atmosphere
From change in earths orbit
-due to changes in earths orbit around the sun
-occurs on time scales from 20,000-100,000 years
From changes in amount of heat emitted from sun. Occurs on time scales of decades to over a thousand years

152
Q

climaxing forcing: internal

A

processes that drive climate change from inside the earth and its atmosphere
Due to variations in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, occurs on time scales from tens to thousands of years
Due to volcanic eruptions (cooling) or methane gas releases (warming) these are not a cycle and have varying effects

153
Q

greenhouse gases (the big 3)

A

water vapor, CO2, methane CH4

154
Q

How can we track past climate to find out what is natural and what is contributed by human activity

A

ocean sediment coring and ice sheet coring. natural libraries of stored climate information. last 2 million years of earths history is marked by more than 100 glacial/interglacial stages

155
Q

CO2 levels during glacial or interglacial stages

A 
glacial stage (ice age) CO2 is low 
interglacial stage CO2 is higher about 280 ppm
156
Q

whats our current CO2 concentration

A

403 ppm

157
Q

Humans add BLANK and do it faster than nature

A

CO2

158
Q

the ocean is a “sink” for CO2 leading to

A

-ocean acidification and deep ocean warming

159
Q

how much energy is coming from renewable sources at present

A

only about 7% of available energy

160
Q

what percent do we wish to reach by 2030

A

13%

161
Q

we are now at capacity with hydroelectric dams so the future will be in

A

offshore wind/tide energy farms

Oceans (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions