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Psychology 315 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific techniques used to collect and evaluate psychological data

A

Methodology

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2
Q

An activity that includes the systematic ways in which we go about gathering data, stating relationships between variables, and offering explanations for these relationships.

A

Process

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3
Q

What we know such as facts we learn in our psychology and chemistry courses

A

Content

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4
Q

Everyday nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior towards others

A

Commonsense Psychology

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5
Q

Beliefs are formed based on the word of a trusted source

A

Method of Authority

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6
Q

Depends on logical reasoning rather than on authority or evidence from the senses

A

The Rational Method

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7
Q

The reliance on an empirical approach (proven by experimentation) .
The skeptical attitude that scientists adopt toward explanations of behavior and mental processes.

A

Two important characteristics of the scientific method are:

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8
Q

Emphasizes direct _________ and ________ as a way of answering questions

A

Observation; Experimentation

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9
Q

A logically organized set of propositions (claims, statements, assertions) that serve to define events (concepts), describe relationships among these events, and explain the occurrence of these events

A

Theory

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10
Q

Defines the relationship between variables and constants in a set of mathematical formulas, statistical summaries, and analyses

A

Quantitative Research

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11
Q

Tends to state the verbal rather than mathematical relationships between variables. Participants responses to questions are not limited to a set of responses

A

Qualitative Research

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12
Q

Main goal is to acquire general information, understand mental process, and to confirm or disconfirm a theory

A

Basic Research

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13
Q

Investigates a problem in the real world and attempts to change peoples lives for the better

A

Applied Research

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14
Q

A scale to measure weight

A

Physical

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15
Q

A paper and pencil questionnaire that asks about personality

A

Psychological

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16
Q

“provides a common set of principles and standards upon which psychologists build their professional and scientific work.”

A

APA Ethics code

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17
Q

set the rules for permissible experimentation with human participants

A

Nuremberg code of 1947

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18
Q

Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research

A

Belmont Report of 1979

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19
Q

Belmont Report’s 3 Ethical Principles

A

Respect for persons
Beneficence - an obligation to protect persons from harm by maximizing anticipated benefits and minimizing possible risks of harm
Justice - requires that the benefits and burdens of research be distributed fairly

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20
Q

poor, rural Black men were used to study the effects of syphilis when it remained untreated
The study initially involved 600 Black men (399 with syphilis and 201 who did not).
The men were told they were being treated for “bad blood” and offered free medical exams free meals, and burial insurance to participate.
The men were never treated even though penicillin was discovered as a cure for the disease in 1947.
The project was originally designed to last for 6 months but it actually went on for 40 years

A

1932 Public Health Service (Tuskegee) Syphilis Study

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21
Q

Must be composed of at least 5 members with varying backgrounds and fields of expertise

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

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22
Q

Deception can occur through

A

Omission – the withholding of information

Commission – misinforming participants about an aspect of the research

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23
Q

oversees the moral and ethical principles of the research process by documenting and investigation cases of research fraud and misconduct

A

Office of Research Integrity

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24
Q

The ability of your research design to adequately test your hypothesis
The degree to which your research design allows us to predict an outcome (association between two or more variables)

A

Internal Validity

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25
Q

A study’s results can be extended or generalized beyond the sample and study setting (to different populations, settings, and conditions)

A

External Validity

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26
Q

The description of an individual’s immediate experience
Can potentially lead to areas of discovery that may have gone unnoticed. There is no manipulation or systematic observation so it can not be used to understand the causes of behavior.
Mainly used to help formulate hypotheses.

A

Phenomenological Approach

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27
Q

Scientific theories can be challenged when the behavior of a single case contradicts principles or claims. This case can be compared to a “normal case.”

A

Deviant Case Analysis

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28
Q

Involves large numbers of participants and seeks to determine the “average” or typical performance of a group

A

Nomothetic Approach

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29
Q

The study of the individual, is important for clinical psychologists.

A

Idiographic Approach

30
Q

The tendency for participants to alter their behavior or responses when they are aware of an observer

A

Reactivity

31
Q

Are remnants, fragments, and products of past behavior. They are unobtrusive because the participant is often not present when the data are collected

A

Physical Traces

32
Q

When bias is present when the archival sources are produced, edited, or altered (ex. suicide notes)

A

Selective Deposit

33
Q

When information or records are missing or incomplete. The investigator may or may not be aware of this (ex. medical records)

A

Selective Survival

34
Q

A secondary source.
A set of statistical procedures that allow you to combine or compare the results from different studies. It is a form of archival research

A

Meta-Analysis

35
Q

Provides the basis for making predictions.
Does not involve manipulating independent variables.
Participant are put into groups based upon personal characteristics or preferences (ex. race, gender, political affiliation).
Can not show cause and effect.

A

Nonexperimental, Observational, Correlational

36
Q

Ranges from -1 to 1
Measures the association between 2 variables (traits, behaviors, events, etc…) in cross-sectional, observational research.
Measures the strength and direction of a relationship

A

Pearson’s r

37
Q

It is the amount of variability in scores on the outcome variable (Y) that is explained by the independent variable (X)

A

Coefficient of Determination

38
Q

A table that shows all possible correlations between a number of variables

A

Correlation Matrix

39
Q

Used to establish the direction and degree of relationship between variables.
Bivariate regression involves 1 DV and 1 IV

A

Linear Regression

40
Q

You select several participants from each of a number of age groups and assess them one time

A

Cross-sectional

41
Q

a single group of participants is followed over some time period

A

Longitudinal

42
Q

Includes an initial assessment of participants on a DV before the treatment, followed by an additional assessment following the treatment

A

Pretest/Posttest Design

43
Q

A statement of your predictions of how events, traits, or behaviors might be related

A

A nonexperimental Hypothesis

44
Q

a tentative explanation of an event or behavior

A

An experimental Hypothesis

45
Q

A hypothesis is a _________ ________ – if can be either true (supported) or false (contradicted)

A

Synthetic statement

46
Q

Stated in the fewest terms possible to explain the relationships. A simple hypothesis is preferred over one that require supporting assumptions

A

Parsimonious

47
Q

Must be written so that a failure to find the predicted effect must be considered as evidence the hypothesis is false

A

Falsifiable

48
Q

The process of reasoning from specific cases to more general principles

A

Inductive Model

49
Q

He was an advocate for inductive research psychology.
He extensively studied operant conditioning in rats and pigeons.
In operant conditioning, the organism is reinforced or rewarded for a particular response such as pressing a bar.
From the results of numerous experiments he developed the concepts of partial reinforcement and extinction, along with reliable descriptions of the way intermittent reinforcement alters behaviors.

A

B. F. Skinner

50
Q

The process of reasoning from general principles to make predictions about specific instances

A

Deductive Model

51
Q

This is the knack for finding things that are not being sought.
Pavlov was initially interested in digestive glands using dogs in his studies. He wanted to see how long it would be before the dogs began to salivate after being fed.
He ended up discovering classical conditioning by repeatedly pairing the sight of food with his presence, and observing salivation in dogs when he entered the room

A

Serendipity

52
Q

said that intuition is most accurate if it comes from experts

A

Herbert Simon

53
Q

Open ended questions are evaluated by

A

Content Analysis

54
Q

Names or numbers used to distinguish between objects

A

Nominal

55
Q

Not only identifying but also, ranking: tell which value is greater than the other and nothing about the relative degree of difference between ranks

A

Ordinal

56
Q

Has all the properties of the other scales, but one more: an absolute zero point which means the absence of something. The highest level of measurement

A

Ratio

57
Q

The population is divided into subgroups called strata. Random samples are drawn from these strata

A

Stratified Random Sampling

58
Q

Selecting participants in such a way that the odds of their being selected for the study are known or can be calculated

A

Probability Sampling

59
Q

does not guarantee that everyone in the population has an equal chance of being recruited

A

Non-probability Sampling (Convenience sampling)

60
Q

A score between 0 and 1 that tells how closely the items are related. Above .80 is good

A

Coefficient alpha (Cronbach’s alpha)

61
Q

With multiple observers and you can establish the extent to which their judgments agree with each other

A

Interrater Reliability

62
Q

Give the test twice and determine how similar the results are

A

Test-retest Reliability

63
Q

Describes how well a measurement instrument appears to measure what it is designed to measure (ex. A test of mathematical ability contains math problems)

A

Face Validity

64
Q

Reflects how adequately the items of a test samples the knowledge, skills, or behaviors that the test is intended to measure (ex. Final exam)

A

Content Validity

65
Q

Reflects how adequately a test score can be used to predict an individual’s value on some outcome measure

A

Criterion-related Validity

66
Q

if scores on test and criterion are given at same time

A

Concurrent Validity

67
Q

Comparing scores on your test with the criterion measure which is observed at a later time (ex GRE scores – grad school performance)

A

Predictive Validity

68
Q

When a test is designed to measure a variable not directly observable. To show construct validity, those who score high or low on the measure should behave as predicted by theory

A

Construct Validity

69
Q

A the ability of a measure to detect small changes or group differences

A

Sensitivity

70
Q

A measure that is _________, yes (1) vs. no (0), is less sensitive than continuous measures. This means _______ ‘s better able to detect small changes

A

Dichotomous; Continuous Measures

Psychology 315 (1 decks)

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