exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Kinesiology
A
The study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement
2
Q
Kinetic Model
A
Following WWII, from 1950-1970
Improve motion of joints and strength of muscles.
Develop coordination, motor skills and work tolerance.
Preventing the build up of psychologic reactions
3
Q
Biomechanical Model
A
In the 1970s
Not considered a holistic approach
Attempts to isolate impairments in body structure & function, working to improve overall occupational performance.
4
Q
Isometric Contraction
A
The muscle tension develops, but the muscle length does not change
Thought of as static
5
Q
Isotonic Contraction
A
The length of the muscle changes, causing joint movement.
Thought of as dynamic.
concentric or exentric
6
Q
Agonist
A
Referred to as movers.
Sometimes refer to muscle as primary agonist.
7
Q
Antagonist
A
Muscles with actions that oppose agonist.
Act against a position or movement.
8
Q
Coactivation/Co-contraction
A
Simultaneous action between agonist and antagonist to provide stability.
9
Q
Synergists
A
Not prime movers, but assist agonist in the motion, by adding its own torque.
10
Q
Elasticity
A
muscles ability to return to normal length after being stretched.
11
Q
Body Structures
A
Nervous, Muscular, Skeletal systems
body structures focus on underlying anatomy
12
Q
Body Functions
A
focus on physiological functions of the body system
13
Q
Primary external forces
A
Fluid resistance (air & liquids) 3 forms of resistance
14
Q
Buoyancy
A
Upward force equal to the weight of the displaced liquid.
15
Q
Drag
A
Resistance to forward motion
16
Q
Lift
A
Change in fluid pressure resulting from differences in air or liquid flow velocities.
Ex. Heavy airplanes remain in the air.
17
Q
Normal reaction
A
Each object must contact each other with the same amount of force.
18
Q
Friction
A
Force acting in the opposite direction to desired movement.
Known to cause skin damage or breakdown.
19
Q
Center of Gravity (COG
A
The point around which the body’s mass is evenly distributed.
20
Q
Joint distraction
A
Could be called traction.
Defined as a pulling apart of 2 joint surfaces.
21
Q
decubiti
A
break down of the skin due to pressure ulcers
22
Q
Frontal Plane
A
Axis for movement is called sagittal axis Rotation around sagittal axis & parallel to frontal plane allows for: Abduction -Adduction -Radial & ulnar deviation -Lateral bending Divided into: >Anterior sections >Posterior section
23
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
Axis for movement is frontal axis Rotation around frontal axis and parallel to sagittal plane allows for: -Flexion -Extension -Hyperextension
24
Q
Transverse or horizontal plane
A
Axis for movement is on the vertical axis. Movements about this axis includes: -Internal & medial rotation -External & lateral rotation -Horizontal adduction & abduction -Supination & pronation
25
Newton’s laws of motion
1st law—law of inertia
2nd law—law of acceleration
3rd law—law of action and reaction
26
1st law—law of inertia
object stays in a state of rest until or motion in a straight line unless compelled to change by a force throwing a ball and someone catching it
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2nd law—law of acceleration
a light person in a wheel chair is easier to push and will go faster than someone who is heavy who will go slower
28
3rd law—law of action and reaction
for every action there is a reaction
| pushing up against a wall the wall will push back against you.
29
1st class lever
Axis in middle
Designed for balance
ex. see saw
30
2nd class lever
Resistance in middle
Designed to enhance strength
ex. wheel barrel
31
3rd class lever
Force in middle
Designed to enhance speed and range of motion
ex baseball bat
there are most examples in the human body
32
Force arm
Lengthening force arm makes task easier
33
Resistance arm
Shortening resistance arm makes task easier
34
muscle insufficiency
The inability to obtain full range of motion (ROM) at all joints the muscle crosses
35
active insufficiency
The muscle cannot contract sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
cramping may occur
36
passive insufficiency
The muscle cannot stretch sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
burning sensation may occur
37
Tenodesis
Special case of passive insufficiency
| Allows increased grasp for weak client
38
kenematic Chains
Sequential movement of bones and joints
Follows specific pattern
May have an open or closed chain
39
open chain
Distal segment freely moveable
One joint can move without impacting other joints
ex. bicep curl
40
closed chain
Distal segment stabilized or fixed
Movement at one joint necessitates movement at other joints in the chain
Used for stability
ex squat
41
Close-pack position
Largest possible surface area in contact with each other; joint “closest” together; optimum fit
Provides most stability
ex. knee in correct postion
42
open- pack position
Less contact area between joint surfaces
Less stable position
ex. knee goes in direction not supposed too
43
Movement characteristics
Abnormal atypical movement
Normal atypical movement
Normal typical movement
Normal (enhanced) typical movement
44
Abnormal atypical movement
Characterized by the inability to produce the desired movement within accept paramitersIncreased/decreased spasticity
Pathological movement synergies
Decreased inter-joint coordination
Incorrect timing of motor sequence
Muscle weakness
Ex someone with rhumetoid arthritis orPatient with flaccid paralysis following stroke and not being able to write.
45
Normal atypical movement
Reflects the motor behavior response of a client/individual when typical movement strategies are temporarily or completely no longer feasible. due to TBI or Stroke sometimes
actions are awkward, inefficient, uncoordinated, conscious thought; low complexity; limited movement options; increased time needed
could lead to perm.disability
46
Normal typical movement
Ability to access and select from numerous movement possibilities to produce multiplanar, complex combinations of movement.
include smooth; coordinated; efficient; automatic;
ex smiling at a joke
47
Normal (enhanced) typical movement
Motor behavior allows for high efficiency, adaptability, and consistency in performance of a task in a variety of environments.
ex. Baseball player playing the position of pitcher or 3rd base in the infield.
48
universal design
the design of products and environment to be usable by everyone
49
CNS
Central nervous system
50
PNS
peripheral nervous system
Somatic responds to external environment
Autonomic maintains balance
51
Sensory neurons
Afferent or ascending
| Specific area of skin- dermatome
52
Motor neurons
Efferent or descending
| Muscular movement
53
Praxis
is the ability to plan and perform purposeful movements.
54
Motor development
the changes in movement behavior that occur as the client progresses through the lifespan from infancy until death
55
Motor Learning
defined as the acquisition and/or modification of learned movement patterns over time
ex over days, weeks, months
56
Motor Control
the outcome of motor learning involving the ability to produce purposeful movements of the extremities and postural adjustments in response to activity and environment demands
57
Isometric grading 5 (N)
5 normal maintains the testing position against gravity and max resistance
58
IG 4 (G)
maintains the testing position against gravity and mod resistance
59
IG 4- (G-)
maintains the testing position against gravity and less than mod resistance
60
IG 3+ (F+)
maintains the testing position against gravity and min resistance
61
Screening test 3 (F)
Moves joint through full available ROM against Gravity or maintains the testing position
62
SC 3- (F-)
Moves joint through greater than half BUT less than full available ROM against Gravity
63
SC 2+ (P+)
Moves joint through less than half of the available ROM against Gravity
64
Gravity Eliminated 2 (P)
Moves joint through full ROM with GE
65
GE 2- (P-)
Moves joint through greater than half but less than full available ROM w/ GE
66
GE 1+ (T+)
Moves joint through less than half of the available ROM w/ GE
67
GE 1 (T)
Demonstrates no joint movement, but slight observable or palpable muscle contraction
68
0 Zero (0)
Demonstrates no joint movement no observ or palp muscle contraction,
69
Posture:
“State of the body in relationship to gravity, the ground and to its body parts or extremities.”
70
Postural control
“The regulation of the body’s position in space for the dual purpose of stability and orientation.”
71
Anticipatory postural movement
Reflect movements of the trunk or posture in response to changes in task or environmental demands.”
Occur automatically
Precede voluntary limb movement
72
Stability
the ability to maintain the body in equilibrium.
73
Line of gravity (LOG)
vertical line from the COG to the earth and base of support is the area contained within the area of the body parts in contact to the ground
74
Center of gravity (COG
the balance point of an object where all sides are equal
75
Principles of stability
1. Lowering the COG will increase stability.
2. COG and line of gravity must remain in the base of support for stability.
3. Increasing the base of support will increase the stability.
4. Increasing the mass will increase the stability.
5. Increasing friction between the object and surface will increase stability.
6. Focusing on a spot will increase stability.
76
Active range of motion (AROM)
the joint movements as the client alone moves a joint through the available ROM.
77
Passive range of motion (PROM),
refers to joint movement created by the OTA moving the extremity.
78
Active assist range of motion (AAROM)
the therapist manually assisting the client to move the joint; however, the client also activates some joint motion.
79
Measurement of ROM with goniometer
Has moving arm, stable arm, and axis
Use “neutral zero method” of ROM measurement, meaning when a joint is in neutral position it will measure 0 degrees on the goniometer.
80
NROM
0 to 180
81
limiations start on Goniometer
25 to 180 degrees identifies ROM limitation at starting position
82
a (-) sign means
negative” sign can mean a loss of ROM at the starting position.
83
a (+) sign means
“positive” sign can mean ROM past the starting position for a joint extension or hyperextension.
84
MMT results 0-5
```
0 Zero
1 Trace (T)
2 Poor (P)
3 Fair (F)
4 Good (G)
5 Normal (N)
```
85
steps of MMT
1. Positioning the client and extremity
2. Stabilizing the joint
3. Palpating appropriate joint muscle groups
4. Observing muscle contractions
5. Resisting muscles
6. Grading strength
86
ICF
International classification of functioning & disabiltiy and health
87
ICF identifies three levels of human functioning
1. the body or body part
2. the whole person
3. the person in context of the society in which he or she lives.
