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human movement exam 1 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Kinesiology

A

The study of the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement

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2
Q

Kinetic Model

A

Following WWII, from 1950-1970
Improve motion of joints and strength of muscles.
Develop coordination, motor skills and work tolerance.
Preventing the build up of psychologic reactions

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3
Q

Biomechanical Model

A

In the 1970s
Not considered a holistic approach
Attempts to isolate impairments in body structure & function, working to improve overall occupational performance.

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4
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

The muscle tension develops, but the muscle length does not change
Thought of as static

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5
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

The length of the muscle changes, causing joint movement.
Thought of as dynamic.
concentric or exentric

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6
Q

Agonist

A

Referred to as movers.

Sometimes refer to muscle as primary agonist.

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7
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles with actions that oppose agonist.

Act against a position or movement.

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8
Q

Coactivation/Co-contraction

A

Simultaneous action between agonist and antagonist to provide stability.

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9
Q

Synergists

A

Not prime movers, but assist agonist in the motion, by adding its own torque.

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10
Q

Elasticity

A

muscles ability to return to normal length after being stretched.

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11
Q

Body Structures

A

Nervous, Muscular, Skeletal systems

body structures focus on underlying anatomy

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12
Q

Body Functions

A

focus on physiological functions of the body system

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13
Q

Primary external forces

A 
Fluid resistance (air & liquids)
3 forms of resistance
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14
Q

Buoyancy

A

Upward force equal to the weight of the displaced liquid.

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15
Q

Drag

A

Resistance to forward motion

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16
Q

Lift

A

Change in fluid pressure resulting from differences in air or liquid flow velocities.
Ex. Heavy airplanes remain in the air.

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17
Q

Normal reaction

A

Each object must contact each other with the same amount of force.

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18
Q

Friction

A

Force acting in the opposite direction to desired movement.

Known to cause skin damage or breakdown.

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19
Q

Center of Gravity (COG

A

The point around which the body’s mass is evenly distributed.

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20
Q

Joint distraction

A

Could be called traction.

Defined as a pulling apart of 2 joint surfaces.

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21
Q

decubiti

A

break down of the skin due to pressure ulcers

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22
Q

Frontal Plane

A 
Axis for movement is called sagittal axis 
Rotation around sagittal axis & parallel to frontal plane allows for:
Abduction
-Adduction
-Radial & ulnar deviation
-Lateral bending
Divided into:
>Anterior sections
>Posterior section
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23
Q

Sagittal Plane

A 
Axis for movement is frontal axis
Rotation around frontal axis and parallel to sagittal plane allows for:
-Flexion
-Extension
-Hyperextension
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24
Q

Transverse or horizontal plane

A 
Axis for movement is on the vertical axis.
Movements about this axis includes:
-Internal & medial rotation
-External & lateral rotation
-Horizontal adduction & abduction
-Supination & pronation
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25
Q

Newton’s laws of motion

A

1st law—law of inertia

2nd law—law of acceleration

3rd law—law of action and reaction

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26
Q

1st law—law of inertia

A

object stays in a state of rest until or motion in a straight line unless compelled to change by a force throwing a ball and someone catching it

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27
Q

2nd law—law of acceleration

A

a light person in a wheel chair is easier to push and will go faster than someone who is heavy who will go slower

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28
Q

3rd law—law of action and reaction

A

for every action there is a reaction

pushing up against a wall the wall will push back against you.

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29
Q

1st class lever

A

Axis in middle
Designed for balance
ex. see saw

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30
Q

2nd class lever

A

Resistance in middle
Designed to enhance strength
ex. wheel barrel

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31
Q

3rd class lever

A

Force in middle
Designed to enhance speed and range of motion
ex baseball bat
there are most examples in the human body

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32
Q

Force arm

A

Lengthening force arm makes task easier

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33
Q

Resistance arm

A

Shortening resistance arm makes task easier

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34
Q

muscle insufficiency

A

The inability to obtain full range of motion (ROM) at all joints the muscle crosses

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35
Q

active insufficiency

A

The muscle cannot contract sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
cramping may occur

36
Q

passive insufficiency

A

The muscle cannot stretch sufficiently for full ROM at all joints
burning sensation may occur

37
Q

Tenodesis

A

Special case of passive insufficiency

Allows increased grasp for weak client

38
Q

kenematic Chains

A

Sequential movement of bones and joints

Follows specific pattern

May have an open or closed chain

39
Q

open chain

A

Distal segment freely moveable
One joint can move without impacting other joints
ex. bicep curl

40
Q

closed chain

A

Distal segment stabilized or fixed
Movement at one joint necessitates movement at other joints in the chain
Used for stability

ex squat

41
Q

Close-pack position

A

Largest possible surface area in contact with each other; joint “closest” together; optimum fit
Provides most stability
ex. knee in correct postion

42
Q

open- pack position

A

Less contact area between joint surfaces
Less stable position

ex. knee goes in direction not supposed too

43
Q

Movement characteristics

A

Abnormal atypical movement
Normal atypical movement
Normal typical movement
Normal (enhanced) typical movement

44
Q

Abnormal atypical movement

A

Characterized by the inability to produce the desired movement within accept paramitersIncreased/decreased spasticity
Pathological movement synergies
Decreased inter-joint coordination
Incorrect timing of motor sequence
Muscle weakness
Ex someone with rhumetoid arthritis orPatient with flaccid paralysis following stroke and not being able to write.

45
Q

Normal atypical movement

A

Reflects the motor behavior response of a client/individual when typical movement strategies are temporarily or completely no longer feasible. due to TBI or Stroke sometimes

actions are awkward, inefficient, uncoordinated, conscious thought; low complexity; limited movement options; increased time needed

could lead to perm.disability

46
Q

Normal typical movement

A

Ability to access and select from numerous movement possibilities to produce multiplanar, complex combinations of movement.

include smooth; coordinated; efficient; automatic;
ex smiling at a joke

47
Q

Normal (enhanced) typical movement

A

Motor behavior allows for high efficiency, adaptability, and consistency in performance of a task in a variety of environments.
ex. Baseball player playing the position of pitcher or 3rd base in the infield.

48
Q

universal design

A

the design of products and environment to be usable by everyone

49
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

50
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system
Somatic responds to external environment
Autonomic maintains balance

51
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent or ascending

Specific area of skin- dermatome

52
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent or descending

Muscular movement

53
Q

Praxis

A

is the ability to plan and perform purposeful movements.

54
Q

Motor development

A

the changes in movement behavior that occur as the client progresses through the lifespan from infancy until death

55
Q

Motor Learning

A

defined as the acquisition and/or modification of learned movement patterns over time
ex over days, weeks, months

56
Q

Motor Control

A

the outcome of motor learning involving the ability to produce purposeful movements of the extremities and postural adjustments in response to activity and environment demands

57
Q

Isometric grading 5 (N)

A

5 normal maintains the testing position against gravity and max resistance

58
Q

IG 4 (G)

A

maintains the testing position against gravity and mod resistance

59
Q

IG 4- (G-)

A

maintains the testing position against gravity and less than mod resistance

60
Q

IG 3+ (F+)

A

maintains the testing position against gravity and min resistance

61
Q

Screening test 3 (F)

A

Moves joint through full available ROM against Gravity or maintains the testing position

62
Q

SC 3- (F-)

A

Moves joint through greater than half BUT less than full available ROM against Gravity

63
Q

SC 2+ (P+)

A

Moves joint through less than half of the available ROM against Gravity

64
Q

Gravity Eliminated 2 (P)

A

Moves joint through full ROM with GE

65
Q

GE 2- (P-)

A

Moves joint through greater than half but less than full available ROM w/ GE

66
Q

GE 1+ (T+)

A

Moves joint through less than half of the available ROM w/ GE

67
Q

GE 1 (T)

A

Demonstrates no joint movement, but slight observable or palpable muscle contraction

68
Q

0 Zero (0)

A

Demonstrates no joint movement no observ or palp muscle contraction,

69
Q

Posture:

A

“State of the body in relationship to gravity, the ground and to its body parts or extremities.”

70
Q

Postural control

A

“The regulation of the body’s position in space for the dual purpose of stability and orientation.”

71
Q

Anticipatory postural movement

A

Reflect movements of the trunk or posture in response to changes in task or environmental demands.”
Occur automatically
Precede voluntary limb movement

72
Q

Stability

A

the ability to maintain the body in equilibrium.

73
Q

Line of gravity (LOG)

A

vertical line from the COG to the earth and base of support is the area contained within the area of the body parts in contact to the ground

74
Q

Center of gravity (COG

A

the balance point of an object where all sides are equal

75
Q

Principles of stability

A
  1. Lowering the COG will increase stability.
  2. COG and line of gravity must remain in the base of support for stability.
  3. Increasing the base of support will increase the stability.
  4. Increasing the mass will increase the stability.
  5. Increasing friction between the object and surface will increase stability.
  6. Focusing on a spot will increase stability.
76
Q

Active range of motion (AROM)

A

the joint movements as the client alone moves a joint through the available ROM.

77
Q

Passive range of motion (PROM),

A

refers to joint movement created by the OTA moving the extremity.

78
Q

Active assist range of motion (AAROM)

A

the therapist manually assisting the client to move the joint; however, the client also activates some joint motion.

79
Q

Measurement of ROM with goniometer

A

Has moving arm, stable arm, and axis
Use “neutral zero method” of ROM measurement, meaning when a joint is in neutral position it will measure 0 degrees on the goniometer.

80
Q

NROM

A

0 to 180

81
Q

limiations start on Goniometer

A

25 to 180 degrees identifies ROM limitation at starting position

82
Q

a (-) sign means

A

negative” sign can mean a loss of ROM at the starting position.

83
Q

a (+) sign means

A

“positive” sign can mean ROM past the starting position for a joint extension or hyperextension.

84
Q

MMT results 0-5

A 
0	Zero		
1	Trace		(T)
2	Poor		(P)
3	Fair		(F)
4	Good		(G)
5	Normal	(N)
85
Q

steps of MMT

A
  1. Positioning the client and extremity
  2. Stabilizing the joint
  3. Palpating appropriate joint muscle groups
  4. Observing muscle contractions
  5. Resisting muscles
  6. Grading strength
86
Q

ICF

A

International classification of functioning & disabiltiy and health

87
Q

ICF identifies three levels of human functioning

A
  1. the body or body part
  2. the whole person
  3. the person in context of the society in which he or she lives.

human movement exam 1 (1 decks)

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