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Medical Ethics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Prima Facie

A
  • your first thought, “floating rules”, know through intuition, universal guide, before you reason through things & really think about it
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2
Q

Moral Agents under Prima Facie

A
  • Fidelity (no lies)
  • Justice (give happiness)
  • Beneficence (help better condition others)
  • Self-Improvement
  • Non-maleficence
    if conflict, act in the more stringent one
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3
Q

benefits of Ross’s Ethics

A

can consider unique situations

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4
Q

problems with Ross’s Ethics

A

do we all have the same intuition?
diff edu, culture, beliefs
Ex: some cultures there is a duty to uphold your reputation ..this could be more important than a morality

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5
Q

define Moral Theory

A

explains why/how we judge certain actions

-difficult to use in stressful/emergency situations

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6
Q

define Moral Principles

A

are guidelines
uncontroversial
endorsed by moral theory
use a basis to go off of

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7
Q

Principle of Non-maleficience

A

do not cause NEEDLESSS harm

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8
Q

Beneficence

A

act in a way to promote welfare

-must have practical limitations, but how are those decided

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9
Q

Principle of Utility

A

what outcome has the greatest benefit and least harm to the most amount of people

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10
Q

example of utility

A

starting a health program, there are marginal returns

-screen for a inheritable disorder for one has treatment verses screening for one that doesn’t

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11
Q

define philosophy

A

the fundamentals about everything: existence, knowledge, values and mind

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12
Q

Meta-ethics

A

what ethical properties are

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13
Q

Normative ethics

A

moral theories and systematic ways of determining right action

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14
Q

Applied ethics

A

how to answer in real life situations using moral theories

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15
Q

FIT FAT

A 
used to make bioethical decisions..
Facts
Issues
Thesis - yours
For
Against
Triumph - why yours outweighs others
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16
Q

Justification of a theory DOES NOT and SHOULD NOT relate to

A

religion, faith, non-natural factors… only to rational persuations

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17
Q

Restrictions of autonomy are sometimes justified when look at these principles..
Harm, legal moralism, welfare, paternalism

A

Principle of Harm - prevent harm to others
Paternalism - to avoid one from harming self Ex: forced treatment
Legal Moralism - restrict immoral acts by making them illegal Ex: prostitution, gay marriage
Welfare principle - restrict autonomy to provide overall societal wealth/health

18
Q

Paternalism

A

is justification of limiting autonomy if it’s best for someone even if it goes against their desires

19
Q

state vs. personal paternalism

A

controlled by law vs. an individual deciding whats best for another

20
Q

example of paternalism in the medical field

A

a patient is dependent on physician to make decisions of what would be best for them
-basically have to surrender autonomy, but how much?

21
Q

Burt’s position of Physician/ patient relationship

A

it is not just the physicians job to implement patient’s desires but to ask them why, make sure they fully understand every aspect and argue with them if need be

22
Q

Informed consent

A

the power dynamite between doc and pt. One needs to be informed to make a rational decision.

23
Q

Why do we value autonomy?

A

without it we cannot determine our own lives

it is part of what makes us human is to be able to make decisions about our life

24
Q

Are we actually rational ?

A

maybe

25
Q

“framing effect”

A

the way you word things causes a cognitive bias on how people make decisions

26
Q

define Confirmation Bias

A

a republican will only look at sources by a republican

27
Q

As humans we delay discounting in medicine.. for example…

A

want a cigarette now and will deal with the effects later

28
Q

Why can we not apply kant’s view to medicine?

A

patients are not always in a condition to give informed consent/ not rational at time when a decision needs to be made

29
Q

“Opaque Consent”

A

patients aren’t clear to all the implications

-consent is always limited

30
Q

Ideal consent vs. Actual consent

A

we are not completely rational in situations so it is the responsibility of physician to make risks understandable
-in ideal world everyone would be able to give honest consent

31
Q

Another perspective on the fact that we are not completely rational beings…

A

don’t follow paternalism and follow the partially rational person’s decision

32
Q

To what extent can the govt restrict our autonomy?

examples of state paternalism…

A

seat belt laws,
no intoxicated driving,
not to murder,
physicians are licensed to practice med

33
Q

Why is paternalism ok?

A

we can know what is in our best interest but dont always act on it. Could be a way to protect our own interests.
ex: Odysseus and the sirens

34
Q

Should mountain climbing be restricted because it is dangerous? Can rational agents say they want to be restricted?

A

depends

35
Q

Why are children an issue in medicine and making decisions?

A

they are not completely rational beings

36
Q

Do parents actually know whats best?

A

can use principle of non-maleficence and utility and beneficence, etc

37
Q

Religion and treatment

A

very controversial. think of all side and options

38
Q

Jehovahs witness case

A

parents dont ever want to harm or kill the child just have a different way of thinking about think/ different religion.
If there is risk both ways who should decide?
Parent can martyr their selves but not kids.
Rosam says “ dont have to do whats best for the kid but adequate enough”
Physicians should gives all options and risks associated

39
Q

How to allocate scarce medical resources?

A

Microallocation: directly affects certain individuals (organ transplant list)
Macroallocation: think of the general public
Kant: do a random lottery - action is equal
Utilitarianism: random as well so to not give people social worth but everyone is equal

40
Q

Market Approach to organs

A 
organs only to who pay
high value of individual rights
low value of equality
problem: we use taxes for research to make new tech nologies so shouldnt everyone get to use 
insufficient justification
devalues human lives
41
Q

Committee Selection process

A
  • multiple people, but are biased to own individual thoughts and beliefs
  • will undermine equality
  • but can consider relevant factors
42
Q

Lottery Approach

A
  • random
  • equal
  • does not take into account who needs it most

Medical Ethics (1 decks)

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