Exam 1

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintenance of a constant and “normal” internal environment – normal resting condition

Question 2

Steady State

Answer 2

Physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily “normal”
Balance between demands placed on body and the body’s response to those demands
EXAMPLE: Body temperature; Arterial blood pressure

Question 3

Biological Control System

Answer 3

Series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value

Question 4

Components of Biological Control System

Answer 4

1. Sensor or Receptor: Detects change
2. Control Center: Assesses input, initiates and integrates response
3. Effector: Changes internal environment back to normal (Cell, organ that produces desired effects

Question 5

Negative Feedback

Answer 5

Something has gone out of control and homeostasis must be restored
Response of control system is opposite to stimulus

Question 6

Positive Feedback

Answer 6

Increases original stimulus (escalates)

Response in same direction as stimulus

Question 7

What disrupts homeostasis?

Answer 7

Exercise (improves)

Question 8

Cell Signaling

Answer 8

Coordinates cell activity

Question 9

Bioenergetics

Answer 9

Converting food into energy

Question 10

Coupled Reactions

Answer 10

Reactions that are linked together. One produces the energy needed for the other

Question 11

Oxidation Reduction Reactions

Answer 11

Oxidation: Removal of electron
Reduction: Addition of electron to atom

Question 12

Substrates and Products

Answer 12

Substrate: Molecule acted on by enzyme reaction, results in manufacture of proteins
Product: Molecules manufactured from substrates that are involved in catalyzed reactions

Question 13

Glycolysis

Answer 13

Breakdown of glucose to form 2 pyruvate or lactate

Energy generation: 2 or 3 ATP
2 NADH

Question 14

Oxidized Phosphorylation

Answer 14

Generation of Acetyl CoA

Krebs Cycle and ETC

Question 15

Acetyl CoA

Answer 15

Formed from breakdown of carbs, proteins, and fats

For every molecule of glucose = 2 pyruvate formed

Question 16

Krebs Cycle

Answer 16

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP
Waste product = CO2
10 ATP x 2 cycles = 20 ATP 
(ATP not formed until ETC

Question 17

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 17

Oxidized phosphorylation mitochondria

Waste product = h2o

Question 18

Oxidized Phosphorylation ATP produced?

Answer 18

32 ATP (33 is glycogen is used)

Question 19

ATP-PC

Answer 19

Twice as fast as glycolysis

10 Seconds or less

Question 20

Glycolysis

Answer 20

Uses glucose/glycogen
# of ATP 2 or 3 & 2 pyruvate or lactate
30 Seconds to 4 Minutes

Question 21

Oxidized Phosphorylation

Answer 21

In Mitochondria

32 ATP produced

Question 22

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER or R)

Answer 22

Ratio of volume of CO2 out to volume of O2 consumed
.7 RER for fat
1.00 RER for carbs
.85 means 50% of each
Low intensity burns more fat, but takes longer

Question 23

VO2 Max

Answer 23

Most valid measure of cardiovascular fitness, physiological ceiling of O2 to muscle

Question 24

Lactate Threshold

Answer 24

Point at which blood lactic acid uses systematically during incremental exercise

Question 25

Does accumulation of lactic acid cause muscle soreness?

Answer 25

NO

Question 26

Soreness cause by?

Answer 26

Microscopic injury to muscle fibers that leads to inflammation