Exam 1 Flashcards
How many standard amino acids are there?
20
What is an alpha-AA?
common amino acids are known as a-amino acids with a primary amino group and a carboxyl group on the same carbon, which is called the a-carbon. (The a-carbon is the first carbon that attaches to a functional group: carboxyl group/carbonyl function) (there also exist b and g-amino acids - b-alanine - g-aminobutyric acid)
How do AA differ in structure?
The side chain, R Group
What does a AA look like at neutral pH?
the amino group is protonated and the carboxyl group is deprotonated
What is the isoelectric point?
The pH at which the AA carries no net charge (zero or neutral).
Which isomer are proteins?
L-amino acids
What 4 groups are is the alpha-carbon bonded to?
A carboxyl group, amino group, R-Group, and a H atom. The alpha-carbon is therefore a chiral center.
What is an enantiomer?
One of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other and non-superimposable (like a left and right hand).
Hydrophobic AAs
Glycine, Gly, G; Alanine, Ala, A; Valine, Val, V; Leucine, Leu, L; Isoleucine, Ile, I; Methionine, Met, M; Proline, Pro, P.
Which hydrophobic AA is achiral?
Glycine
Hydrophobic and aromatic AAs
Phyenylalanine, Phe, F; Trypthophan, Trp, W.
Polar AAs with neutral R-goup
Serine, Ser, S; Threonine, Thr, T; Tyrosine, Tyr, Y; Cysteine, Cys, C; Asparagine, Asn, N; Glutamine, Gln, Q.
Polar AAs with a positively charged R-group
Lysine, Lys, K; Arginine, Arg, R; Histidine, His, H.
Polar AAs with a negatively charged R-group
Aspartate, Asp, D; Glutamate, Glu, E.
Nonessential (humans can synthesize) AAs
Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
Essential (humans cannot synthesize) AAs
Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.
Are all genes coding?
No.
3 best know genomes
- Human
- Mouse
- Rat
2 methods of whole genome sequencing
- By mapped clones (Physical maps are created)
- By whole genome shotgun (computer puts the genome back together)
When did the amount of sequences of the human genome begin to spike
In the late 90s
When did $1000 human genome happen
2014
Human whole-genome sequencing has been exponentially increasing since when (approximately)
2009
DNA ancestry is available on line for as little as
approximately $100
Genome sequencing cost prices over the years
$100,000,000 around 2001
$1,000 in 2014
What is the number of genes in a genome derived from
whole genome sequencing projects
Can a single gene produce more than one type of protein?
Yes. This accounts for the lower amount of genes relative to proteins
Yeast has about how many genes
6,000
Drosophilia has about how many genes
15,682
Humans and other mammals have about how many genes
21,000
Prokaryotic genome sequencing began to spike approximately when?
2004
Humans have how many chromosome pairs
22 pairs plus the x and y chromosomes where applicable (Females are 44 XX, Males are 44 XY
Humans have how many known base pairs
Approximately 3,547,762,741 (3.5GB)
Humans have exactly how many known coding genes + definition
20,441 Genes that have the ability to code for a protein
Humans have exactly how many known noncoding genes + definition
22,219 Genes that do not code for proteins (these can be RNA genes among other things)
Humans have exactly how many known pseudogenes + definition
14,606 DNA sequences that look like genes but do not function like them
Human known gene transcripts
198,002
How many chromosome pairs do dogs have
38 plus x and y chromosomes where applicable
Dogs genome has how many known of the following:
-Base pairs, Coding genes, Non-coding genes, pseudogenes, gene transcripts
BP = 2.4 GB CG = 19,856 Non-C = 11,898 PG = 950 GT = 39,074
How many chromosome pairs do cats have
18 plus x and y chromosomes where applicable
Cats genome has how many known of the following:
-Base pairs, coding genes, non-coding genes, pseudogenes, genes transcripts
BP = 2.4 GP CG = 19,493 Non-C = 1,855 PG = 542 GT = 22,656
How many chromosome pairs do horses have
31 plus x and y chromosomes where applicable
Horses genome has how many known of the following:
-Base pairs, coding genes, non-coding genes, pseudogenes, gene transcripts
BP = 2.5 GB CG = 20,449 Non-C = 2,142 PG = 4,400 GT = 29,196
Bovine have how many chromosome pairs
29 plus x and y where applicable
Do horse or bovine Chromosome pairs look more like a humans
Horses are very similar in appearance to humans chromosome pairs
Chickens have how many pairs of chomosomes
36 Most are incredibly small, also have about 1/3 of the amount of DNA as mammals
Chicken genome have how many known of the following:
-Base pairs, coding genes, non-coding genes, pseudogenes, gene transcripts
BP = 1.1 GB CG = 15,508 Non-C = 1,558 PG - 42 GT = 17,954
Sample Question: Typical mammalian genomes contain how many protein coding genes? -100,000 -3 million -20,000 1,500
20,000
Sample Question: Why are the number of predicted genes different between the dog and human?
- The number of genes is significantly different
- The species differ in the completeness of their genome sequences
- Dogs have more chromosomes than humans
The species differ in the completeness of their genome sequences
There will be at least one difference in genes between each person per how many base pairs
1,000
Are all regions along a chromosome the same
No. Some regions are gene rich and other are gene sparse
How many base pairs do mammalian genomes have in DNA
2.5-3 billion base pairs
About how much of the human genome encodes for proteins
2-3% meaning that a lot of the DNA is wither junk or has an unknown function
Repetitive elements comprise what proportion of the human genome
about 2/3
Why is the genome considered a “master switch”
Part of the genome can be turned “on and off” while the other half controls when this happens
