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CVM 6902 Biochem > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many standard amino acids are there?

A

20

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2
Q

What is an alpha-AA?

A

common amino acids are known as a-amino acids with a primary amino group and a carboxyl group on the same carbon, which is called the a-carbon. (The a-carbon is the first carbon that attaches to a functional group: carboxyl group/carbonyl function) (there also exist b and g-amino acids - b-alanine - g-aminobutyric acid)

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3
Q

How do AA differ in structure?

A

The side chain, R Group

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4
Q

What does a AA look like at neutral pH?

A

the amino group is protonated and the carboxyl group is deprotonated

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5
Q

What is the isoelectric point?

A

The pH at which the AA carries no net charge (zero or neutral).

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6
Q

Which isomer are proteins?

A

L-amino acids

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7
Q

What 4 groups are is the alpha-carbon bonded to?

A

A carboxyl group, amino group, R-Group, and a H atom. The alpha-carbon is therefore a chiral center.

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8
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

One of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other and non-superimposable (like a left and right hand).

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9
Q

Hydrophobic AAs

A

Glycine, Gly, G; Alanine, Ala, A; Valine, Val, V; Leucine, Leu, L; Isoleucine, Ile, I; Methionine, Met, M; Proline, Pro, P.

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10
Q

Which hydrophobic AA is achiral?

A

Glycine

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11
Q

Hydrophobic and aromatic AAs

A

Phyenylalanine, Phe, F; Trypthophan, Trp, W.

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12
Q

Polar AAs with neutral R-goup

A

Serine, Ser, S; Threonine, Thr, T; Tyrosine, Tyr, Y; Cysteine, Cys, C; Asparagine, Asn, N; Glutamine, Gln, Q.

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13
Q

Polar AAs with a positively charged R-group

A

Lysine, Lys, K; Arginine, Arg, R; Histidine, His, H.

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14
Q

Polar AAs with a negatively charged R-group

A

Aspartate, Asp, D; Glutamate, Glu, E.

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15
Q

Nonessential (humans can synthesize) AAs

A

Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.

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16
Q

Essential (humans cannot synthesize) AAs

A

Histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine.

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17
Q

Are all genes coding?

A

No.

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18
Q

3 best know genomes

A
  • Human
  • Mouse
  • Rat
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19
Q

2 methods of whole genome sequencing

A
  • By mapped clones (Physical maps are created)

- By whole genome shotgun (computer puts the genome back together)

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20
Q

When did the amount of sequences of the human genome begin to spike

A

In the late 90s

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21
Q

When did $1000 human genome happen

A

2014

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22
Q

Human whole-genome sequencing has been exponentially increasing since when (approximately)

A

2009

23
Q

DNA ancestry is available on line for as little as

A

approximately $100

24
Q

Genome sequencing cost prices over the years

A

$100,000,000 around 2001

$1,000 in 2014

25
Q

What is the number of genes in a genome derived from

A

whole genome sequencing projects

26
Q

Can a single gene produce more than one type of protein?

A

Yes. This accounts for the lower amount of genes relative to proteins

27
Q

Yeast has about how many genes

A

6,000

28
Q

Drosophilia has about how many genes

A

15,682

29
Q

Humans and other mammals have about how many genes

A

21,000

30
Q

Prokaryotic genome sequencing began to spike approximately when?

A

2004

31
Q

Humans have how many chromosome pairs

A

22 pairs plus the x and y chromosomes where applicable (Females are 44 XX, Males are 44 XY

32
Q

Humans have how many known base pairs

A

Approximately 3,547,762,741 (3.5GB)

33
Q

Humans have exactly how many known coding genes + definition

A

20,441 Genes that have the ability to code for a protein

34
Q

Humans have exactly how many known noncoding genes + definition

A

22,219 Genes that do not code for proteins (these can be RNA genes among other things)

35
Q

Humans have exactly how many known pseudogenes + definition

A

14,606 DNA sequences that look like genes but do not function like them

36
Q

Human known gene transcripts

A

198,002

37
Q

How many chromosome pairs do dogs have

A

38 plus x and y chromosomes where applicable

38
Q

Dogs genome has how many known of the following:

-Base pairs, Coding genes, Non-coding genes, pseudogenes, gene transcripts

A 
BP = 2.4 GB
CG = 19,856
Non-C = 11,898
PG = 950
GT = 39,074
39
Q

How many chromosome pairs do cats have

A

18 plus x and y chromosomes where applicable

40
Q

Cats genome has how many known of the following:

-Base pairs, coding genes, non-coding genes, pseudogenes, genes transcripts

A 
BP = 2.4 GP
CG = 19,493
Non-C = 1,855
PG = 542
GT = 22,656
41
Q

How many chromosome pairs do horses have

A

31 plus x and y chromosomes where applicable

42
Q

Horses genome has how many known of the following:

-Base pairs, coding genes, non-coding genes, pseudogenes, gene transcripts

A 
BP = 2.5 GB
CG = 20,449
Non-C = 2,142
PG = 4,400
GT = 29,196
43
Q

Bovine have how many chromosome pairs

A

29 plus x and y where applicable

44
Q

Do horse or bovine Chromosome pairs look more like a humans

A

Horses are very similar in appearance to humans chromosome pairs

45
Q

Chickens have how many pairs of chomosomes

A

36 Most are incredibly small, also have about 1/3 of the amount of DNA as mammals

46
Q

Chicken genome have how many known of the following:

-Base pairs, coding genes, non-coding genes, pseudogenes, gene transcripts

A 
BP = 1.1 GB
CG = 15,508
Non-C = 1,558
PG - 42
GT = 17,954
47
Q 
Sample Question: Typical mammalian genomes contain how many protein coding genes?
-100,000
-3 million
-20,000
1,500
A

20,000

48
Q

Sample Question: Why are the number of predicted genes different between the dog and human?

  • The number of genes is significantly different
  • The species differ in the completeness of their genome sequences
  • Dogs have more chromosomes than humans
A

The species differ in the completeness of their genome sequences

49
Q

There will be at least one difference in genes between each person per how many base pairs

A

1,000

50
Q

Are all regions along a chromosome the same

A

No. Some regions are gene rich and other are gene sparse

51
Q

How many base pairs do mammalian genomes have in DNA

A

2.5-3 billion base pairs

52
Q

About how much of the human genome encodes for proteins

A

2-3% meaning that a lot of the DNA is wither junk or has an unknown function

53
Q

Repetitive elements comprise what proportion of the human genome

A

about 2/3

54
Q

Why is the genome considered a “master switch”

A

Part of the genome can be turned “on and off” while the other half controls when this happens

CVM 6902 Biochem (1 decks)

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