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Dysphagia > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles responsible for Mandible Elevation

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

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2
Q

Masseter (mandible elevation)

A

Origin: zygomatic arch (cheek)
Insertion: mandible at angle
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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3
Q

Temporalis (mandible elevation)

A

Origin: temporal bone (lateral surface)
Insertion: coronoid process of mandible
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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4
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

Origin: sphenoid bone
Insertion: inner surface of mandible
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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5
Q

Muscles responsible for Mandible Protrusion

A

lateral pterygoid

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6
Q

Lateral pterygoid (mandible protrusion)

A

Origin: sphenoid bone
Insertion: mandible at condyle
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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7
Q

Muscles responsible for Mandible Depression

A

Geniohyoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly digastric

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8
Q

Geniohyoid (mandible depression)

A

Origin: hyoid
Insertion: mandible, inner anterior surface
Innervation: C1 root

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9
Q

Mylohyoid (mandible depression)

A

Origin: hyoid
Insertion: mandible, inner surface
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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10
Q

Anterior belly digastric (mandible depression)

A

Origin: hyoid
Insertion: mandible, inner anterior surface
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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11
Q

Muscles responsible for HLE with anterior movement

A

geniohyoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly digastric

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12
Q

Geniohyoid (HLE with anterior movement)

A

Origin: mandible, inner anterior surface
Insertion: hyoid
Innervation: C1 root

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13
Q

Mylohyoid (HLE with anterior movement)

A

Origin: inner surface of mandible
Insertion: hyoid
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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14
Q

Anterior belly digastric (HLE with anterior movement)

A

Origin: mandible, inner anterior surface
Insertion: hyoid
Innervation: V (mandibular branch of trigeminal)

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15
Q

Muscles responsible for HLE with posterior movement

A

stylohyoid, posterior belly digastric

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16
Q

Stylohyoid (HLE with posterior movement)

A

Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: hyoid
Innervation: VII facial

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17
Q

Posterior belly digastric (HLE with posterior movement)

A

Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
Insertion: hyoid
Innervation: VII

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18
Q

Muscle responsible for tongue protrusion

A

Genioglossus

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19
Q

Genioglossus (tongue protrusion)

A

Origin: anterior mandible near geniohyoid
Insertion: body of tongue
Innervation: XII hypoglossal

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20
Q

Muscle responsible for vertical HLE

A

Hyoglossus

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21
Q

Hyoglossus (vertical HLE)

A

Origin: tongue body
Insertion: hyoid greater horns
Innervation: XII facial

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22
Q

Muscle responsible for tongue base elevation

A

Palatoglossus

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23
Q

Palatoglossus (tongue base elevation)

A

Origin: soft palate
Insertion: tongue base laterally through anterior faucial pillars
Innervation: X

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24
Q

Muscle responsible for tongue base elevation and retraction

A

styloglossus

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25
Q

Styloglossus (tongue base elevation/retraction)

A

Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: tongue base to tip
Innervation: XII (hypoglossal)

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26
Q

Muscle responsible for tongue depression

A

hyoglossus

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27
Q

Hyoglossus (tongue depression)

A

Origin: hyoid
Insertion: tongue
Innervation: XII (hypoglossal)

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28
Q

Muscles responsible for tongue shaping

A

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue: vertical, transverse, and longitudinal

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29
Q

Muscle responsible for velum depression

A

palatoglossus

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30
Q

Palatoglossus (velum depression)

A

Origin: tongue base laterally through anterior faucial pillars
Insertion: soft palate
Innervation: X (vagus)

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31
Q

Muscle responsible for velum elevation

A

levator veli palatini

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32
Q

Levator veli palatini (velum elevation)

A

Origin: skull base
Insertion: soft palate
Innervation: X (vagus)

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33
Q

Muscle responsible for velum tensing

A

tensor veli palatini

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34
Q

Tensor veli palatini (velum tensing)

A

Origin: sphenoid
Insertion: bilaterally to midline velum
Innervation: V trigeminal

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35
Q

Muscles responsible for pharynx elevation

A

palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus

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36
Q

Palatopharyngeus (pharynx elevation)

A

Origin: hard palate
Insertion: lateral walls of pharynx
Innervation: X (vagus)

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37
Q

Stylopharyngeus (pharynx elevation)

A

Origin: styloid process of temporal bone
Insertion: pharynx
Innervation: IX (glossopharyngeal)

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38
Q

Salpingopharyngeus

A

Origin: near toris tubarius
Insertion: pharynx
Innervation: X (vagus)

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39
Q

Muscles responsible for pharyngeal constriction

A

superior, middle, and inferior constrictors (O: cricoid, arytenoidsm thyroid cartilage I: arytenoids In: X (vagus) via RLN

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40
Q

Muscles responsible for vocal fold adduction

A

lateral cricoarytenoids, vocalis, and thyro and interarytenoids

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41
Q

Muscles responsible for vocal fold abduction

A

posterior crycoarytenoid

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42
Q

Muscle responsible for UES closure

A

cricopharyngeus

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43
Q

Cricopharyngeus

A

Origin: cricoid
Insertion: C-shaped pharynx
Innervation: X via RLN

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44
Q

Muscles responsible for larynx depression and stabilization

A

sternohyoid, sternothyoid, thyrohyoid

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45
Q

Sternohyoid (larynx depression and stabilization)

A

Origin: sternum
Insertion: hyoid
Innervation: C2-C3

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46
Q

Sternothyroid (larynx depression and stabilization)

A

Origin: Sternum
Insertion: thyroid cartilage
Innervation: C2-C3

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47
Q

Thyrohyoid (larynx depression and stabilization)

A

Origin: thyroid cartilage of larynx
Instertion: hyoid
Innervation: C2-C3

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48
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (head turn)

A

Origin: Sternum, head of clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone
Innervation: XI (accessory)

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49
Q

Consequences of inhaled bolus

A

Aspiration and pneumonia

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50
Q

The ball of food/liquid being swallowed

A

Bolus

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51
Q

Occurring while eating or drinking

A

Prandial

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52
Q

Nutrition delivered directly to the gut

A

Enteral

53
Q

Nutrition delivered directly to the central large vein

A

Parental

54
Q

Swallowing, ingestion

A

Deglutition

55
Q

Foreign material enters larynx, remains above glottic plane

A

Penetration

56
Q

Foreign material enters trachea

A

Aspiration

57
Q

Oral Stages of Swallow

A
  1. Oral preparatory
  2. Oral transit
  3. Stage transition
58
Q

Pharyngeal stages of swallow

A
  1. pharyngeal stage

2. esophageal stage

59
Q

Oral preparatory phase

A

food/liquid taken into the mouth

60
Q

Difference between food and liquid in the mouth

A

Liquids: linguavelar valve closed, bolus positioned for transit
Foods: – bolus positioned for mastication. Mastication
including rotary mandible movement, crushing of bolus.
Tongue moves bolus for mastication.

61
Q

Oral transit stage

A

prepared bolus is propelled by tongue to palate progressive anterior to posterior contact.
a. Liquids typically all at once
b. Solids aggregate in pharynx until pharyngeal
response begins

62
Q

Pharyngeal phase onset

A

Pharyngeal response begins
a. Linguavelar closure (liquid) ends, velopharyngeal
closure begins
b. Bolus head enters pharynx (passes faucial arch)
1. Young: a occurs before b
2. Aging: b occurs before a
a. Prolonged stage transition
c. Disordered: a begins abnormally later than it
should based on age

63
Q

Pharyngeal transit stage

A 
Velopharyngeal closure completes
Pharyngeal tube constriction begins
UES resting tone inhibition
Increases UES compliance
Vocal folds adduct
Hyolaryngeal excursion (anterior, superior)
Traction forces on larynx UES
Epiglottis inverts, vocal folds adduct
Airway closes, breathing stops
Bolus enters UES, clears UES
Hyolaryngeal excursion ends, UES closes
Structures return to rest
64
Q

Esophageal transit stage

A

UES remains tightly closed
Superior to inferior “peristalsis” (constriction)
of esophageal muscles
Circular muscles constrict top to bottom
Longitudinal muscles shorten
Net result is propulsion
LES (tightly closed at rest) “relaxes” when
pressure of bolus (intrabolus pressure) rises
LES opens, bolus enters stomach
Bolus clears LES
LES closes

65
Q

Development of embryo weeks 4-8

A

Now known as “pharyngeal arches”
Neural and organ development
Cranial nerves form

66
Q

Development of embryo weeks 9-12

A

Sucking is observed (non-nutritive)
Fetus begins swallowing amniotic fluid
Taste buds form

67
Q

Development of embryo weeks 13-on

A

Limbs start to move, skin forming
Alveolar surfactant (20-25 wk.)
Respiratory movements are spontaneous
Fetus can survive at about 25+ weeks

68
Q

Anatomical changes from infant-adult

A

Elongation/enlargement of pharynx,
larynx, oral cavity
Lowering of laryngeal, BOT position
Loss of buccal pads-more muscle activity needed

69
Q

Muscles that pull hyoid toward the mandible

A

Mylohyoid (V)
Anterior digastric (V)
Geniohyoid (C1)

70
Q

Pulls hyoid toward skull base

A 
Stylohyoid (VII)
Posterior digastric (VII)
71
Q

Pulls hyoid toward tongue

A

Hyoglossus (XII)

72
Q

Pulls larynx toward hyoid

A

Thyrohyoid (C2)

73
Q

HLE anterior superior movement….

A

Pulls airway out of bolus path
Contributes to epiglottic inversion
Pulls open UES

74
Q

Pulls tongue backwards and upward

A

Palatoglossus (X) and styloglossus (XII)

75
Q

Pulls tongue backwards and downwards

A

Hyoglossus (XII)

76
Q

Tongue depression

A

Hyoglossus (XII)

77
Q

Tongue retraction and elevation

A

Styloglossus (XII)

78
Q

Tongue to soft palate contact

A

Palatoglossus (X)

79
Q

3 types of salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Buccal
  3. Submandibular, sublingual
80
Q

Parotid salivary gland

A

Innervated by IX, located in the lateral mandible

81
Q

Buccal salivary gland

A

Innervated by VII, located in the cheek

82
Q

Sublingual and submandibular gland

A

Innervated by VII, located in the floor of the mouth

83
Q

Space between tongue base and epiglottis

A

Valleculae (2)

84
Q

Space lateral to the larynx

A

Pyriform sinuses

85
Q

General duties of Masseter/pterygoids

A

mandibular elevation-bolus containment, lingual

stabilization

86
Q

General duties of Soft palate elevators

A

velopharyngeal closure

87
Q

General duties of Suprahyoids

A 
elevation and (net)
anterior displacement of HLC (HLE),
UES distension
Mylo-, geniohyoid, digastrics,
Mandibular depression
88
Q

General duties of Infrahyoid

A

laryngeal stabilization

89
Q

General duties of pharyngeal constrictors

A

pharyngeal

peristalsis (wavelike top to bottom contraction-bolus propulsion)

90
Q

General duties of pharyngeal elevators

A

Bolus propulsion

91
Q

General duty of Cricopharyngeal segment of inferior

constrictor

A

UES closure

92
Q

Mandible elevators CN V

A

Masseter
Both pterygoids
Temporalis

93
Q

Mandible protruders CN V

A

lateral pterygoid

94
Q

Mandible lateralizers CN V

A

Pterygoids, temporalis

95
Q

Mandible depressors + innervations

A

Mylohyoid CN V
Anterior Belly of Digastric (ABD) CN V
Geniohyoid (C1 roots)

96
Q

Hyolaryngeal Elevators (anterior-superior)

A

Mylohyoid CN V
Anterior Belly of Digastric (ABD) CN V
Geniohyoid (C1 roots)

97
Q

Hyolaryngeal elevators (posterior-superior)

A

Stylohyoid, posterior belly of digastric (VII)

98
Q

Hyolaryngeal elevators (superior)

A

hyoglossus (XII)

99
Q

Tongue posterior-superior movement

A

Palatoglossus (X)

Styloglossus (XII)

100
Q

Tongue depression

A

Hyoglossus (XII)

101
Q

Tongue shaping

A

All lingual intrinsic muscles (XII)
Shortening: superior and inferior longitudinals
Narrowing: transversus
Flattening: verticalis

102
Q

Tongue protrusion

A

Genioglossus (XII)

103
Q

Soft palate contact with pharyngeal

walls

A

Levator veli palatini (X)

Assist: Tensor veli palatini (V)

104
Q

Soft palate contact with tongue base

A

Palatoglossus (X)

105
Q

Pharyngeal constriction, elevation

A 
Pharyngeal constrictors (X through pharyngeal
plexus)
Pharyngeal elevators:
Stylopharyngeus (IX)
Salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus (X)
106
Q

UES tone maintenance

A

Cricopharyngeal segment of inferior constrictor

X via recurrent laryngeal nerve - RLN

107
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal musculature

A

Adductors and abductors: (X via RLN)
Tensors and “tighteners”: (X via RLN and
SLN (CT))

108
Q

Esophageal peristalsis

A

Circular, longitudinal esophageal layers

X and myenteric plexus

109
Q

Tactile sensation - anterior to soft palate

A

V - Inside mouth and outside mouth

VII – outer ear

110
Q

Tactile sensation - Palate, pharynx, tongue base

A

Mixed fibers of pharyngeal plexus (IX, X, XI)

111
Q

Taste sensation

A

Anterior 2/3 of tongue: VII

Posterior 1/3 of tongue: IX

112
Q

Valves of swallowing

A

velopharyngeal port
tonguebasetopharyngealwall
laryngeal(3)
cricopharyngealsphincter

113
Q

What law of pressure is used in the swallow mechanism?

A

Boyles law

114
Q

Steps of the oral preparatory stage

A 
Mastication(rotary)
Salivation
BolusFormation/Shaping
OralSensation/Enjoyment
OralContainment
115
Q

Steps of oral transit stage

A 
BolusContainmentandCompression
BolusReleaseandPropulsion
Development/maintenanceofIntrabolusPressure
Directionalpropulsion
Releaseoflinguavelarseal
116
Q

Steps of pharyngeal phase

A

Positive(propulsive)forces

Hyolaryngealexcursion

117
Q

Steps of esophageal phase

A

Peristaltictop‐to‐bottomcontraction
LES closedatrest(before,afterbolus)
PressureaboveLESrises

118
Q

Factors that vary swallows in normal people

A 
BolusVolumeaffectsbiomechanics
VariabilityinboluspositionatonsetofHLE
TippersandDippers
Aging
StrawDrinking
BreathingandSwallowingCoordination
SwallowingSolids
119
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

120
Q

PNS

A

cranial and spinal nuclei

121
Q

Major structures of CNS

A 
Cerebral hemispheres (Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobes, cerebellum)
Brainstem (Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
Spinal cord
122
Q

Grey matter

A

clusters of nuclei, unmyelinated axons

123
Q

White matter

A

Tracts of axons projecting between clusters of

nuclei, Myelinated (white)

124
Q

Cranial/Spinal motor nucleus

A

origin of outgoing cranial/spinal motor nerve

125
Q

Cranial/Spinal Sensory nucleus

A

end of incoming cranial/spinal

sensory nerve

126
Q

PNS

A

Each cranial or spinal motor nerve emanates
from a cranial or spinal motor nucleus
Each cranial or spinal sensory nerve
terminates in a cranial or spinal sensory
nucleus.

127
Q

Upper Motor Neurons (UMN)

A

Axons projecting between brain and cranial/spinal
nuclei
Emanate from “giant” pyramidal motor cells in cortex
Terminate in cranial/spinal motor nucleus

128
Q

Brain to spinal cord tracts

A

corticospinal tracts

129
Q

Brain to brainstem tracts

A

corticobulbar tracts

Dysphagia (1 decks)

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