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Biological Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Four Fields of Anthropology

A

Cultural, biological, archaeology, and linguistics.

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2
Q

Sub fields of cultural anthropology

A

Ethnography, business, visual, urban, medical, museum.

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3
Q

Sub fields of biological anthropology

A

Paleoanthropology, primatology, forensics, paleopathology, genetic studies, and human biology.

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4
Q

Sub fields of archaeology

A

Prehistoric, historic, underwater, aerial, classical, experimental, and zooarcheaology.

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5
Q

Linguistics

A

Study of interaction of language and culture in societies.

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6
Q

Applied anthropology

A

Use of anthropological methods to solve practical real world problems.

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable educated guess.

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8
Q

Theory

A

Explains a phenomenon with supporting evidence.

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9
Q

Scientific method

A

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, theory or law.

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10
Q

Myths of evolution

A

Survival of the fittest, just a theory, evolution is random, looking for missing link, and people come from monkeys.

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11
Q

Anthropological concepts

A

Holistic, comparative, cross cultural, evolutionary, and relativistic.

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12
Q

Holistic

A

Examine from all perspectives.

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13
Q

Comparative

A

Consider similarities and differences across taxonomy.

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14
Q

Cross cultural

A

Understand range of human variation.

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15
Q

Evolutionary

A

Understand change over time

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16
Q

Relativistic

A

Resist value judgements

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17
Q

Ussher

A

Young earth principle

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18
Q

Cuvier

A

Catastrophism (mass extinctions)

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19
Q

Linnaeus

A

Standardized the binomial classification

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20
Q

Malthus

A

Population checks cause a struggle for existence.

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21
Q

Lyell

A

Uniformitarianism, gradual natural processes suggest older earth. Sedimentation.

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22
Q

Buffon

A

Stressed importance of change in the universe.

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23
Q

Lamarck

A

Transformational evolution. Fossil species were ancestors to living species. Species change in response to environment. Principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

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24
Q

Wallace and Darwin

A

Variational evolution, change caused by natural selection.

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25
Q

Fixity of species

A

Each kind of being has a fixed place in the divine order of things. God created everything.

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26
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Giraffe example. Dad stretches neck longer, offspring has a long neck.

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27
Q

Natural selection

A

Individuals well suited to environment tend to be preserved.

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28
Q

When did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species?

A

1859

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29
Q

Darwin principles of natural selection

A

Trait must be inherited to have importance in natural selection. Natural selection cannot occur without variation in inherited characteristics. Fitness is a relative measure that will change as the environment changes.

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30
Q

Modern synthesis

A

Changes in genetic material transmitted from parent to offspring fuel natural selection.

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31
Q

Steps of modern theory of evolution

A

More organisms are born than survive to reproduce, individuals vary in form and behavior, some individuals are better suited to their environment than others, individuals that are best adapted will survive longer and produce more offspring, better adapted individuals contribute more offspring to succeeding generations, and evolution takes time.

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32
Q

Karyotype

A

Lay out of an individual’s chromosomes

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33
Q

Mitosis

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

34
Q

Meiosis

A

IPMAT x2

35
Q

Interphase

A

Chromosomes uncoil

36
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes begin to condense into X shape. DNA replication, spindle fibers.

37
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers start approaching from poles and chromosomes line up at the equator.

38
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers split chromosomes at the centromere and take them to poles.

39
Q

Telophase

A

Two sister cells (mitosis)

40
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I of meiosis.

41
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA is translated into s polypeptide chain,morning a protein.

42
Q

Genetic code

A

Sequence of nucleotides that encodes for amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

43
Q

Characteristics of genetic code

A

Four nucleotides, 20 amino acids assemble proteins, codon (here nucleotides code for one amino acid).

44
Q

Mutations in TP53 gene

A

50% of cancers in humans are a result of a mutation in the TP53 gene.

45
Q

Blending theory

A

Parents pass on particles for traits in equal halves.

46
Q

Pangenesis

A

Traits inherited via germmules passed to the reproductive organs

47
Q

Germ plasm theory

A

Hereditary lies within reproductive cells.

48
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring with genetically dissimilar parents.

49
Q

Quantum theory of heredity

A

Traits caused by two irreducible factors.

50
Q

Law of segregation

A

Each parent will only pass on one gene with a given trait, which will segregate independently from parent to offspring.

51
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Particles for one trait are inherited independently of particles for other traits.

52
Q

Additive effect

A

Breeding with another species

53
Q

Mendelian traits

A

Simple plus a dominant/recessive relationship.

54
Q

Simple traits

A

Either you have it or you don’t.

55
Q

Complex traits

A

Polygenic traits controlled by alleles at several genetic loci. (Skin color, eye color, height, hair color).

56
Q

Rh blood groups

A

Rh+, D antigens; Rh-, no D antigens

57
Q

Polygenic

A

Multiple genes coding for one effect

58
Q

Evolution

A

Change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next.

59
Q

Micro evolution

A

Change within species which leads to macro evolution (speciation)

60
Q

Effective breeding population

A

Individuals within a population that will mate and reproduce.

61
Q

Exogamy

A

Breeding outside group

62
Q

Gene pool

A

Total alleles of population

63
Q

Allele frequency

A

Frequency with which alleles of a gene are present in a population.

64
Q

Endogamy

A

Breeding within a group

65
Q

Non random mating

A

Assortative mating, inbreeding, incest, and consanguineous mating.

66
Q

Assortative mating

A

Reproduction based on religious, cultural, physical qualities.

67
Q

Inbreeding

A

Mating between individuals sharing common genes.

68
Q

Incest

A

Mating between parent and child or between siblings.

69
Q

Consanguineous mating

A

Mating between individuals who share a common ancestor in the preceding 2-3 generations. (Cousins)

70
Q

Forces of evolution

A

Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.

71
Q

Recombination

A

Source of most variation

72
Q

Mutation

A

Source of new variation.

73
Q

Single gene mutations

A

Change in sequence (nucleotide substitution) or number of nucleotides (frame shift mutation).

74
Q

Chromosomal aberrations

A

Mutations at the chromosomal level.

75
Q

Structural mutations

A

Loss, gain, movement, or reversal of chromosome segments.

76
Q

Chromosomal number mutations

A

Change in number of chromosomal sets (polyploidy) or individual chromosomes (aneuploidy).

77
Q

Gene flow

A

Two populations with different allele frequencies, combine into s population with allele frequencies unlike original population.

78
Q

Genetic drift

A

Original population divides into two separate populations. Asserts tie mating, population bottleneck, and founders effect.

79
Q

Directional natural selection

A

Selection for one homozygote

80
Q

Diversifying/disruptive

A

Selection for both homozygotes

81
Q

Stabilizing/ balancing

A

Selection for the heterozygote

82
Q

Hardy Weinberg

A

Suggests both allele and genotype frequencies will remain in equilibrium under certain conditions.

Biological Anthropology (1 decks)

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