Exam 1 Flashcards
Four Fields of Anthropology
Cultural, biological, archaeology, and linguistics.
Sub fields of cultural anthropology
Ethnography, business, visual, urban, medical, museum.
Sub fields of biological anthropology
Paleoanthropology, primatology, forensics, paleopathology, genetic studies, and human biology.
Sub fields of archaeology
Prehistoric, historic, underwater, aerial, classical, experimental, and zooarcheaology.
Linguistics
Study of interaction of language and culture in societies.
Applied anthropology
Use of anthropological methods to solve practical real world problems.
Hypothesis
Testable educated guess.
Theory
Explains a phenomenon with supporting evidence.
Scientific method
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, theory or law.
Myths of evolution
Survival of the fittest, just a theory, evolution is random, looking for missing link, and people come from monkeys.
Anthropological concepts
Holistic, comparative, cross cultural, evolutionary, and relativistic.
Holistic
Examine from all perspectives.
Comparative
Consider similarities and differences across taxonomy.
Cross cultural
Understand range of human variation.
Evolutionary
Understand change over time
Relativistic
Resist value judgements
Ussher
Young earth principle
Cuvier
Catastrophism (mass extinctions)
Linnaeus
Standardized the binomial classification
Malthus
Population checks cause a struggle for existence.
Lyell
Uniformitarianism, gradual natural processes suggest older earth. Sedimentation.
Buffon
Stressed importance of change in the universe.
Lamarck
Transformational evolution. Fossil species were ancestors to living species. Species change in response to environment. Principle of inheritance of acquired characteristics.
Wallace and Darwin
Variational evolution, change caused by natural selection.
Fixity of species
Each kind of being has a fixed place in the divine order of things. God created everything.
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Giraffe example. Dad stretches neck longer, offspring has a long neck.
Natural selection
Individuals well suited to environment tend to be preserved.
When did Darwin publish On the Origin of Species?
1859
Darwin principles of natural selection
Trait must be inherited to have importance in natural selection. Natural selection cannot occur without variation in inherited characteristics. Fitness is a relative measure that will change as the environment changes.
Modern synthesis
Changes in genetic material transmitted from parent to offspring fuel natural selection.
Steps of modern theory of evolution
More organisms are born than survive to reproduce, individuals vary in form and behavior, some individuals are better suited to their environment than others, individuals that are best adapted will survive longer and produce more offspring, better adapted individuals contribute more offspring to succeeding generations, and evolution takes time.
Karyotype
Lay out of an individual’s chromosomes
Mitosis
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Meiosis
IPMAT x2
Interphase
Chromosomes uncoil
Prophase
Chromosomes begin to condense into X shape. DNA replication, spindle fibers.
Metaphase
Spindle fibers start approaching from poles and chromosomes line up at the equator.
Anaphase
Spindle fibers split chromosomes at the centromere and take them to poles.
Telophase
Two sister cells (mitosis)
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase I of meiosis.
Central dogma
DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA is translated into s polypeptide chain,morning a protein.
Genetic code
Sequence of nucleotides that encodes for amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Characteristics of genetic code
Four nucleotides, 20 amino acids assemble proteins, codon (here nucleotides code for one amino acid).
Mutations in TP53 gene
50% of cancers in humans are a result of a mutation in the TP53 gene.
Blending theory
Parents pass on particles for traits in equal halves.
Pangenesis
Traits inherited via germmules passed to the reproductive organs
Germ plasm theory
Hereditary lies within reproductive cells.
Hybrid
Offspring with genetically dissimilar parents.
Quantum theory of heredity
Traits caused by two irreducible factors.
Law of segregation
Each parent will only pass on one gene with a given trait, which will segregate independently from parent to offspring.
Law of independent assortment
Particles for one trait are inherited independently of particles for other traits.
Additive effect
Breeding with another species
Mendelian traits
Simple plus a dominant/recessive relationship.
Simple traits
Either you have it or you don’t.
Complex traits
Polygenic traits controlled by alleles at several genetic loci. (Skin color, eye color, height, hair color).
Rh blood groups
Rh+, D antigens; Rh-, no D antigens
Polygenic
Multiple genes coding for one effect
Evolution
Change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next.
Micro evolution
Change within species which leads to macro evolution (speciation)
Effective breeding population
Individuals within a population that will mate and reproduce.
Exogamy
Breeding outside group
Gene pool
Total alleles of population
Allele frequency
Frequency with which alleles of a gene are present in a population.
Endogamy
Breeding within a group
Non random mating
Assortative mating, inbreeding, incest, and consanguineous mating.
Assortative mating
Reproduction based on religious, cultural, physical qualities.
Inbreeding
Mating between individuals sharing common genes.
Incest
Mating between parent and child or between siblings.
Consanguineous mating
Mating between individuals who share a common ancestor in the preceding 2-3 generations. (Cousins)
Forces of evolution
Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.
Recombination
Source of most variation
Mutation
Source of new variation.
Single gene mutations
Change in sequence (nucleotide substitution) or number of nucleotides (frame shift mutation).
Chromosomal aberrations
Mutations at the chromosomal level.
Structural mutations
Loss, gain, movement, or reversal of chromosome segments.
Chromosomal number mutations
Change in number of chromosomal sets (polyploidy) or individual chromosomes (aneuploidy).
Gene flow
Two populations with different allele frequencies, combine into s population with allele frequencies unlike original population.
Genetic drift
Original population divides into two separate populations. Asserts tie mating, population bottleneck, and founders effect.
Directional natural selection
Selection for one homozygote
Diversifying/disruptive
Selection for both homozygotes
Stabilizing/ balancing
Selection for the heterozygote
Hardy Weinberg
Suggests both allele and genotype frequencies will remain in equilibrium under certain conditions.
