Exam 1

Question 1

What is science?

Answer 1

Process of questioning, testing, experimenting, and observing. Asks why

Question 2

What is technology?

Answer 2

The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. It’s the collection of tools, machinery, modification, arrangements and procedures used by humans. It makes things easier and solves problems for humans.

Question 3

What is the question that needs to be asked in terms of technology?

Answer 3

Who needs what because why

Question 4

Misconception

Answer 4

misunderstandings that we have about specific points of factual evidence, either misinterpreted or led to the wrong conclusion

Question 5

When we are presented with material that is unfamiliar or goes against our conceptions, we are

Answer 5

afraid of it

Question 6

Where do we get our information from?

Answer 6

The web, entertainment, news sources

Question 7

What are some of the reasons it is so easy to be misinformed?

Answer 7

Bad science, “marketing tool” headlines, celebrity causes/hero-worship

Question 8

What is an example of bad science?

Answer 8

“Drinking red wine everyday is as good as going to the gym”, sample of 12 people

Question 9

“Marketing tool” headlines

Answer 9

Summarizing a study to make it “sexier”

Question 10

P-Hacking

Answer 10

Manipulating your variables over and over again until you finally get something that is statistically significant

Question 11

When looking for information, most media outlets just read

Answer 11

press releases

Question 12

Indexing

Answer 12

finding new web pages and other media in search results. Search engines only index a fraction of what is available

Question 13

How do we determine what studies have produced reliable results?

Answer 13

huge quantity of available information, but uneven level of quality, credible websites come from recognized experts, beware of anecdotal evidence

Question 14

Straw man argument

Answer 14

An argument that doesn’t address the actual argument. It misrepresents and distorts the real argument, and while it may contain a grain of truth it is blown so out of proportion it is hardly recognizable

Question 15

Red herring argument

Answer 15

an attempt to shift debate away from the issue that is the topic of an argument. It doesn’t distort it like a straw man. It just completely shifts the focus.

Question 16

The quality of our life depends on the

Answer 16

quality of our thought

Question 17

Critical thinking

Answer 17

self directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored and self-corrective thinking. It entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcoming our native egocentrism and sociocentrism

Question 18

Egocentric

Answer 18

humans do not naturally consider the rights and needs of others. We do not naturally recognize our self-serving perspective

Question 19

Sociocentric

Answer 19

place one culture’s nation, religion above all others, self-serving positive descriptions of ourselves and negative descriptions of those who think differently from us

Question 20

Three levels of thought

Answer 20

Highest order thinking, higher order thinking, lower order thinking

Question 21

Highest Order Thinking

Answer 21

• Explicitly reflective
• Highest skill level
• Routine use of critical thinking tools in analyzing and assessing thinking

Question 22

Higher Order Thinking

Answer 22

• Selectively reflective
• High skill level
• Lacks critical thinking vocabulary

Question 23

Lower Order Thinking

Answer 23

• Unreflective
• Low to mixed skill level
• Frequently relies on gut intuition
• Largely self-serving and self-deceived

Question 24

Three Kinds of Questions

Answer 24

one system, no system, multi-system

Question 25

One system (kinds of questions)

Answer 25

o Requires evidence and reasoning within a system
o Always has a correct answer
o Left with knowledge

Question 26

No system (kinds of questions)

Answer 26

o Calls for stating a subjective preference
o A subjective opinion
o Cannot be assessed

Question 27

Multi-system

Answer 27

o Requires evidence and reasoning within multiple systems
o Better and worse answers (no right or wrong)
o Judgment