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Global Health 203 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Low income

A

less than $995 per person

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2
Q

Low-Middle income

A

$996-3945 per person

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3
Q

Upper-Middle income

A

$3946-12,195 per person

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4
Q

High Income

A

$12,196+ per person

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5
Q

Millenium Development Goals

A
  • UN set these goals in 2000 to be met by 2015

- not met, now have Sustainable Development Goals

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6
Q

Sustainable Development Goals, how many?

A

-17

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7
Q

Key Determinants of health (7)

A
  • individual (genetics, sex, age)
  • physical enviro
  • employment and working conditions
  • access to health services
  • health behaviors
  • healthy child development
  • social enviro (education, culture, gender norms..)
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8
Q

Health status for a country generally has to do with what?

A
  • wealth of a country
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9
Q

health disparities w/in a country closely linked to:

A
  • social disadvantage: how people live, work, & health systems that serve them
  • life circumstances & health related to political, social, and economic forces
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10
Q

Infant mortality rate

A
  • # of deaths of infants per 1000 live births in a given yeardeaths
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11
Q

Life expectancy at birth

A
  • av. # of years a newborn could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for rest of his/her life
  • US: 77 (#28)
  • Japan: 82 (#1)
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12
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate/Ratio

A
  • # of women who die as a result of pregnancy & childbirth complications per 100,000 births in a given year
  • US 8/100,000
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13
Q

Neonatal mortality rate

A
  • # of deaths of infants under 28 days in a given year per 1000 live births
  • neonatal deaths/live births *1000
  • US: 5/1000
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14
Q

Under 5 mortality rate

A
  • probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age 5, expressed as # per 1000 live births
  • US 8/1000
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15
Q

Morbidity

A
  • sickness or any departure, subjective or objective, from psychological and physiological states of well-being
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16
Q

Disability

A
  • suffer temporary or long term reduction in person’s capacity to function
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17
Q

prevalence

A
  • # of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specific time period
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18
Q

incidence rate

A
  • rate at which NEW cases of a disease occur within a population
  • chance of getting a disease
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19
Q

Measuring burden of disease (2)

A
  • HALE

- DALY

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20
Q

HALE

A
  • health-adjusted life expectancy

- # of years to be lived in the equiv of good health

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21
Q

DALY

A
  • disability adjusted life years

- measure of premature deaths and losses due to illness and disabilities in a population

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22
Q

Leading causes of DALYs for low & middle income countries

A
  • much higher communicable disease rate
  • perinatal conditions
  • lower resp infection
  • ischemic heart disease
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23
Q

Leadign causes of DALYs for high income countries

A
  • ischemic heart disease
  • cerebrovascular disease
  • unipolar depressive disorder
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24
Q

Life expectancy has risen in all regions of the world since 1990 except (3)

A
  • Europe
  • Central Asia
  • Subsaharan Africa
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25
Q

Communicable diseases continue to contribute largely to the burden of disease in (2)

A
  • s asia

- subsaharan africa

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26
Q

Elderly Support Ratio

A
  • ratio between share of population that is working and the share of the population 65+
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27
Q

highest income countries generally have: (3)

A
  • low fertility
  • declining populations
  • aging populations
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28
Q

Demographic Transition

A
  • shift from a pattern of high fertility, high mortality to low fertility, low mortality
  • usually shifts as income of country raises
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29
Q

Epidemiological Transition (what it is and 3 steps)

A
  • shift in PATTERNS of disease
  • high & fluct mortality b/c of poor health conditions, epidemics, and famine
  • progressive decline in mortality, epidemics less frequent
  • further declines in mortality, increase life expectancy, and predominance of non-communicable disease
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30
Q

GAVI

A
  • Global Alliance for Vaccines & Immunizations
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31
Q

Why are govs of wealthy countries concerned about health of poorer countries?

A
  • places often traveled by their citizens

- enlightened self-interest

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32
Q

Agencies of the United Nations (3)

A
  • WHO
  • UNICEF
  • UNAIDS
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33
Q

Which Multilateral Development Bank largely focused on link between health and poverty?

A
  • World Bank
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34
Q

IAVI

A
  • international AIDS Vaccine Initiative

- largely funded by world bank

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35
Q

Bilateral Agencies

A
  • development assistant agencies of developed countries that work directly with developing countries to improve health of their people
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36
Q

Foundations

A
  • fund research and aid projects for improving global health
  • talked about Rockefeller Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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37
Q

Largest Research Funder

A
  • NIH

- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation also large

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38
Q

NIH funds:

A
  • national GH research but also funds research of other international groups (i.e. Haiti group for AIDS research)
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39
Q

NGOs (talked about 4)

A
  • non-governmental organizations
  • raise money from private sources or receive grants
  • BRAC, Doctors w/o borders, Save the Children, Oxfam
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40
Q

Save the Children

A
  • NGO

- work with poor families & communities to identify most important health needs

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41
Q

Oxfam

A
  • NGO

- focused on injustice and poverty

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42
Q

Advocacy Orgs

A
  • advocate on behalf of global health issues

- carry out research and policy studies and use to spread the word about issues

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43
Q

Think Tanks & Universities

A
  • Think Tanks: body of experts who generate knowledge and provide advice and ideas
  • Universities: set up institutions and programs for GH
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44
Q

Consulting Firms

A
  • for-profit and non-profit
  • expertise in one field
  • often hired through development banks
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45
Q

Specialized Technical Orgs

A
  • CDC
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46
Q

The Global Fund

A
  • fights AIDS, TB, & Malaria

- primarily a financing agency

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47
Q

Partnerships related to WHO (3)

A
  • Stop TB
  • GAVI
  • The Global Fund
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48
Q

World Health Assembly

A
  • put on by WHO 1x/yr

- brings attention to pressing issues & ways to address them

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49
Q

Public-Private Partnerships for Health

A
  • main goal is to develop new vaccines/products for overall improved GH
    ex. )
  • TB drug development
  • AIDS (IAVI)
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50
Q

UNITAID

A
  • housed in WHO
  • financed by tax on airline tickets
  • purpose is to increase access of low & middle income countries to treatment of TB, malaria, HIV/AIDS
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51
Q

Debt2Health

A
  • 3 party agreement between a creditor, beneficiary, and a Global Fund
  • cancel a party’s debt in exchange the equivalent amt of money put into the beneficiary’s global health work in their own country
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52
Q

Financing for GH from 1990-2007

A
  • increased by 4x
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53
Q

onchocerciasis

A
  • river blindness

- caused by worm

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54
Q

yield gap

A
  • difference between current productivity and the best that can currently be achieved using available genetic materials & technology
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55
Q

Poor Countries doomed to stay poor (why wrong)

A
  • many countries making substantial progress in last 50 yrs
  • middle class of nations that didn’t previously exist
  • % of poor people has dropped >50% since 1990
  • Africa big strides in health and education (big variations between countries/states)
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56
Q

Foreign Aid is a waste (why wrong)

A
  • US spends 1% of budget on aid

- aid diminishes disease, increases production & economic growth, and gets country OFF aid

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57
Q

Saving lives leads to overpopulation (why wrong)

A
  • as child mortality decreases, people have less children because expectation is they will survive
  • w/ less children, families have more resources, children get better education, de better for themselves and future families
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58
Q

1990: ____ world
now: ______ world

A
  • used to be camel world ( large 3rd world hump, smaller soviet hump, then 1st world)
  • now dromedary world (one large hump, most in middle)
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59
Q

UNFPA

A
  • also agency of the UN
  • fund for population activities
  • focuses on women’s and girls health
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60
Q

BOND

A
  • biomarkers of Nutrition for Development
  • project funding currently stopped
  • four major nutrients mapped, idea was website for all major nutrients
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61
Q

CARIG

A
  • Carotenoid Group research of American Society of Nutrition
  • Sherry involved in this
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62
Q

Wealth Improves ____ and poverty breeds ______

A

Nutrition, undernutrition

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63
Q

Wealth vs. live expectancy, infant mortality

A

increase life expectancy

decrease infant mortality

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64
Q

Nutrition –> Height –> Income

A
  • higher nutrition as a child leads to taller stature..
  • taller men tend to be better educated
  • stunting is a sign of undernutrition
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65
Q

wages rise as ____ rises

A
  • calorie intake rises
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66
Q

effects of undernutrition span at least how many generations?

A
  • 3
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67
Q

Remitances can improve _____

A
  • health and labor productivity (more money)
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68
Q

need interventions for nutrition that take into account:

A
  • socioeconomic and gender inequals

- ex. education about consumption, improved infant feeding

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69
Q

quality protein maize fortified with?

A
  • tryptophan and lysine

- not transgenic

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70
Q

in poor household what is necessary for food consumption?

A
  • unequal allotment of food to feed the one who needs to go out and earn money
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71
Q

indonesian health clinic experiment

A
  • when they had to pay for clinic, less people went, more sicknesses, and less labor force participation
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72
Q

Iron deficiency affects productivity findings

A
  • anemia: less productivity
  • when given supplements, work productivity increased
  • placebo group productivity also increased but possibly because they were being paid for participating in experiment
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73
Q

mother’s education can also stunt children because?

A
  • lower education of mother usually equals lower nutrition for children
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74
Q

underweight prevalence has (increased/decreased) in all regions

A
  • decreased
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75
Q

undernutrition is the underlying cause in how much of under 5 deaths?

A

about half

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76
Q

Top three regions of wealth in the world

A
  • Japan
  • N america
  • w europe
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77
Q

under 5 mortality and underweight prevalence greatly affecting what types of countries?

A
  • poor ones
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78
Q

USA women more than ____ x likely to die from childbirth complications than counterparts in Germany, Britain, or Japan

A

more than 3x as likely

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79
Q

2003-2013 USA was one of only 8 countries to see their maternal mortality rates _____

A

increase

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80
Q

strong relationship between health of a population and ______

A

economic development of the society in which they live

81
Q

Health problems linked with agr (5)

A
  • malnutrition
  • occupational health risks
  • zoonoses
  • food-borne illness
  • water associated vector diseases
82
Q

zoonotic diseases can be caused by:

A
  • all types of agents
83
Q

Diseases from tropical regions

A
  • few, possibly none from domestic animals
  • many originated from non-human primates
  • slow and chronic
  • few convey immunity to survivors
  • reservior in animals
84
Q

Diseases from temperate regions

A
  • most originated from domestic (agr) animals (small pox)
  • agr and concentration of crowd populations crucial to evolution of crowd diseases
  • acute
  • many convey immunity to survivors
85
Q

stages of endemic human diseases

A
  1. animals only
  2. primary infection
  3. limited outbreak (from animals to few cycles of humans)
  4. long outbreak (from animals or many cycles of humans)
  5. exclusively humans
86
Q

which endemic disease stage most deadly to humans?

A

human to human only (stage 5)

87
Q

Spanish Flu

A
  • started in WWI

- crowded, unsanitary conditions, soldiers then returned to all points of the world

88
Q

Zika

A
  • first detected 1947
  • mosquitos as well as sexual transmission
  • causes microcephaly
89
Q

Bird Flu

A
  • no outbreak yet, but could cause millions of deaths worldwide
  • just in birds, but humans have no immunity to it
  • farmers and other bird handlers at risk for contracting
90
Q

Emerging Infectious Diseases

A
  • 60% are of zoonotic origin

- strong correlation with human population density

91
Q

what is a hidden cost of human economic devel?

A
  • disease emergence
92
Q

Nipah Virus

A
  • NiV is common in local fruit bats (“flying foxes”)
  • from bats to pigs via saliva, feces, or urine
    pigs to humans via droplets during resp infections
  • large pig farm near wildlife habitat
  • mango orchard near pig farm
  • pigs eat the mangos
  • may have jumped person to person now
93
Q

Aquifer Info

A
  • depletions are very concerning because using more than new coming in (over pumping)
94
Q

Water-bourne disease vectors

A
  • Malaria
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Bacteria
95
Q

Arsenic poisioning

A
  • dark spots on skin, skin lesions
  • malnutrition aggravates arsenic poisioning
  • annual fluctuation as well water is depleted during dry season
  • in bangledesh b/c of contaminated water used for rice growing
96
Q

Nutrition affects ____ which affects _______

A
  • health which affects labor productivity which affects nutritional intake
  • self-reinforcing cycle
  • can be good or bad, threat and opportunity
97
Q

When zinc deficient in soil, it’s deficient in ____

A
  • plants too
  • zn deficiency world-wide
  • causes stunting and underweight children
  • developmental impairment
98
Q

Demographic Transition Model

A
  • stage one: pre modern: (birth and death rates high)
  • stage 2: urbanization/industrialization: (better healthcare, better nutrition, better sanitation…. but birth rates stay high)
  • stage 3: mature industrial (rapid and large population growth until birth rates level off)
  • stage 4: post industrial (low birth rates and death rates)
99
Q

Mexico after WWII

A
  • death rates declined because rich countries exported more antibiotics and vaccines, implemented public health in poorer countries like safer water
100
Q

Why do birth rates change?

A
  • momentum and fertility
101
Q

Momentum

A
  • tendency for population to increase even after fertility falls to replacement level
  • this happens because the large increase in women in childbearing years, even if fertility stays constant, population increases
102
Q

how to tell how much momentum from pyramid graph

A
  • the wider the base of the pyramid, the more momentum you have (young children growing up into childbearing age… more childbearers then to have more kids)
103
Q

if you want to slow population growth what do you need to look at?

A
  • fertility (can’t slow momentum)
104
Q

Fertility Rate

A
  • total number of children a woman would have in her repro years
105
Q

Small changes in fertility lead to :

A
  • large changes in population

- 5% difference in fertility assumptions causes >20% projections for 2050

106
Q

Why choose many children?

A
  • labor, help on farms (poorer countries)
  • high death rate
  • religion
  • care in old age
  • culture
  • government rewards
107
Q

Why choose little amount of children?

A
  • no longer needed for farm work
  • death rates low
  • women want to study/work; can earn more
  • women more control of lives
  • kids have better life if fewer
  • other sources of old age security: government, savings
  • government incentives and penalties
  • religion
  • decrease risk of maternal mortality
108
Q

population growth might not be the problem: what is?

A
  • poverty (self-reinforcing cycle)
109
Q

Green Revolution

A
  • large increase in crop production in developing countries because of fertilizers, pesticides, and high yielding crop varieties
110
Q

Genes that sparked the green revolution came from:

A

-wheat plants

111
Q

Norman Borlaug

A
  • CIMMYT worker
  • crossed the hybrid medium stalked wheat with mexico’s best wheats
  • his semidwarf wheats enabled India to launch its green revolution
112
Q

increased production in green revolution in india has largely been where?

A
  • in irrigated areas, rainfed areas still remain relatively unaffected
113
Q

What happens when some members of a poor community start to get out of poverty?

A
  • can demand better conditions for the rest of the people (i.e. better roads and schools) and will get them
114
Q

the proportion of hungry people in the world has declined but still ___ have insufficient food

A
  • 1 billion
115
Q

population is getting wealthier which does what to food demand?

A
  • as people get wealthier, begin to demand more dairy and meat products… need more of this
116
Q

by 2050 we will need to double food production but _____

A
  • arable land will not increase
117
Q

closing the yield gap by 50% enough to meet basic needs of

A

850 million people

118
Q

yield gap often how much and what is it caused by

A
  • often 20-80%

- caused by hinderances such as weeds, disease, and drought

119
Q

is yield gap static?

A
  • no
120
Q

striga

A
  • weed that sucks away nutrients from maize

- contributes to yield gap

121
Q

who has highest maize yield

A
  • USA then argentina
122
Q

jump in corn production in 1930s-1960s because of

A
  • mendelian genetics
123
Q

increasing production potential to feed 9 billion by

A
  • modifying to enhance responsiveness to light, fertilizer, water
  • enhanced tolerance to stress
  • use of transgenics
124
Q

reducing food waste to feed 9 billion

A

30-40% of food is wasted

- curbing waste in china, USA, and India could feed 413 mil people/yr

125
Q

Energy flow in US food system

A

5x as much energy in as food energy we get out!

126
Q

feed 9 billion by changing diets in moderation

A
  • expand aquaculture

- eat less meat (though important source of vitamins and minerals)

127
Q

How to feed 9 billion? (4)

A
  • decrease yield gap
  • increase production potential
  • decrease food waste
  • change diets in moderation
128
Q

Climate Change: A1B model vs B1 vs A2

A
  • A1B: balance model
  • A2: business as usual
  • B1: non fossil fuel utopia
129
Q

model projects a global average warming of ____ over the next 100 years (compared to what it was 100 yrs ago)

A
  • 2.8C (~5F)

- 3-4 times what it was 100 yrs ago

130
Q

where is expected to see greatest change in temp?

A
  • artic circle
131
Q

what all dropped in 2003 when temperature was 3.6C over normal?

A
  • people (30-50k of heat stress)

- loss of yield on maize (36%), fruit, and wheat (~20%)

132
Q

Impacts of climate on food security

A
  • decrease in yields (~10%/ 1C) (probably 30-40%)
  • decrease in fertility
  • decrease in micronutrients in crops
  • increase in water stress
  • increased respiration
  • increased disease transmission rates
133
Q

constitutional and legal protection of the right to food around the world

A
  • 23 countries: right

- 56 countries: principle

134
Q

Genebank

A
  • place where different maize with genetic qualities are stored for future use
  • can explore to breed plants for heat tolerance, resistance to pests etc
135
Q

climate change expected to affect which more? tropical or temperate?

A
  • tropical
136
Q

what is important to remember when breeding staple crops?

A
  • breeder enviro is different than farmers’ enviro

- i.e. farmers less fertilizer, no irrigation possibly, fewer pesticides, late planting/late weeding

137
Q

when food prices go up what foods go up and what foods are purchased less?

A
  • food prices up, staple foods purchased more, other foods down
138
Q

Inflated food prices can lead to

A
  • food riots and death
139
Q

maize is deficient in essential AA:

A
  • lysine and tryptophan
140
Q

which two nutritional related disorders associated with corn-based diets?

A
  • pellegra (niacin b12 deficiency because need tryptophan)

- kwashiorkor: edema, anorexia, increased susceptibility of infections, (low quality protein) (bloated stomach)

141
Q

symptoms of pellegra

A
  • diarrhea, dermatits, dementia, death (4 Ds)

- lysine can also lead to niacin deficiency

142
Q

what corrects niacin deficiency found with a maize based diet?

A
  • nixtamalization (used lime)
143
Q

what does QPM lead to in animals? humans?

A
  • larger animals

- weight and heigh gain in humans

144
Q

Obatanpa

A
  • QPM variety
  • originated with Ghana, use has spread to other African countries, philippines, and nicaragua
  • means good mother
145
Q

Human Development Index (HDI)

A
  • provides a composite measure of three basic dimensions of human development: long & healthy life, education, and standard of living
146
Q

can get basic quality of life by mapping ___ v _____

A
  • human development index vs micronutrient deficiency
147
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A
  • causes night blindess, corneal scarring, and overall blindness
  • also weakened immune system so more prone to measles, diarrhea, malaria
  • S asia and Africa highest prevalence
148
Q

Which deficiency is highest around the world.. vit A or iron?

A
  • iron higher
149
Q

micronutrient malnutrition affects more than ____ of the world’s population

A
  • more than half
150
Q

Dietary sources of vit A

A
  • meat (esp. liver)

- veggies (carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach)

151
Q

Dietary sources of Iron

A
  • red meats, fish

- lentils, beans, leafy veggies

152
Q

Zinc

A
  • oysters, animal products

- beans, nuts, whole grains

153
Q

what enzyme affects the ratio of carotenoids in the biosynthetic pathway?

A
  • LCYE
154
Q

What enzyme affects B-carotene conversion in the biosynthetic pathway?

A
  • HYDb1
155
Q

methods for carotenoid screenign

A
  • UPLC best

- can also use HPLC but more costly and slower

156
Q

porridge preparation: how much b carotene is lost?

A
  • 25%, even more in snack prep by deep frying (36-40%)
157
Q

what promotes absorption of Vit A into system? (4)

A
  • Zn, Iron, Fats, vit E
158
Q

provitA and bcarotene promotes absorption of what?

A
  • Fe/Zn
159
Q

if changing a staple food’s look, what is important?

A
  • cost (should be less or equal), labor required to make it (less or equal), needs to be high yielding
160
Q

can be an amazing product, but what needs to happen for it to be successful?

A
  • acceptance by community, acceptance by farmers
161
Q

oats now being bred how?

A
  • with higher beta carotene

- increases fiber consumption which decreases risk of heart attack and type ii diabetes

162
Q

____ % of people in developing countries live in rural areas

A
  • 75%
163
Q

3 distinct rural worlds exist:

A
  • Agr-based countries (32% GPD, 70% poor)
  • Transforming countries (7% GDP, 82% poor)
  • Urbanized countries (5% GDP, 45% poor)
164
Q

IMPORTANT about Transforming countries

A
  • higher % of poor live in rural areas in transforming (82%) than in agr-based (70%)
165
Q

Progression out of poverty

A

chronological order

  • small-holder most efficient producers
  • larger, commercial farming becomes more efficient
  • diversification of nonfarm economy (migration out of agriculture)
166
Q

way to make small-holder farming more productive

A
  • improve price incentives
  • improve access to financial services
  • promote innovation through science and technology
  • make agr more sustainable
167
Q

increasing assets in rural farming to get out of poverty may need to include

A
  • affirmative action to include disadvantaged groups
168
Q

Saraguro Project

A
  • provide farmers with improved staple crop seeds
  • increased their income
  • improved child nutrition
  • success lead to more infrastructure in towns (could demand better when have more money)
169
Q

Agr-maize-and poverty alleviation

A
  • give appropriate technologies
  • less labor requirement
  • reduced vulnerability of crops
  • more profit
  • better nutrition and health
170
Q

Emergent properties

A
  • just by looking at components cannot get all the answers
  • need to look at big picture
  • feedback systems also in play
171
Q

Parts of a system (6)

A
  • context
  • boundary
  • components
  • relationships
  • inputs
  • outputs
172
Q

Approaches to looking at a system (2)

A
  • Reductionist

- Holist

173
Q

Reductionist approach to looking at a system

A
  • analysis
  • pieces and parts
  • mechanisms
  • structure
174
Q

Holist approach to looking at a system

A
  • synthesis
  • whole
  • meanings
  • function
175
Q

Ecosphere health

A
  • how humans affect food, agr, & enviro
176
Q

Enviro health

A
  • how does food, agr, and enviro affect human health
177
Q

Can improve enviro to improve health examples

A
  • sunscreen use, stop smoking, use low carbon emissions, lower noise, occupational risks
178
Q

Ecosphere health (5 parts)

A
  • Climate
  • Water
  • Soil
  • Energy
  • Biodiversity
179
Q

Climate and ecosphere health

A
  • planet getting warmer

- ice melting, sea levels rising, heat of ocean up, CO2 emissions up

180
Q

Impact of climate change on human health

A
  • CO2 up, temps up, sea level up, extreme weather up,
  • natural disasters up
  • vector ecology changed (disease transmission up)
181
Q

Eutrophication

A
  • increased nitrogen and phos in water
  • this fertilizes algae
  • when algae dies, requires O2 to decay which leads to hypoxia in water
  • dead zone
182
Q

Pesticide pollution

A
  • endocrine disrupters
183
Q

Soil and ecosphere health

A
  • soil being degraded

- more land converted to cropland in last 30 years from forests

184
Q

Coal Oil, Nat Gas are (renewable/nonrenewable)

A
  • non-renewable
185
Q

Biodiversity and ecosphere health

A
  • high conversions of forests to urban or farming
  • effect on animal species
  • people benefit greatly from ecosystems.. food, culture, primary production, health, wellbeing
  • if we lose biodiversity lose abilities of cycles like nitrogen fixing, genetic diversity
186
Q

Sustainable Agricultural Dimensions

A
  • need production of food that is good for the enviro, economically feasible, and socially inclusive
  • doesn’t destroy soil, doesn’t contribute to climate change, doesn’t lower water quality
187
Q

Industrial agr

A
  • high yeilding
  • machinery and fossil fuels
  • chemical fertilizers
  • pesticides, herbicides, fungicides
  • irrigation
  • scientific knowledge only
188
Q

Chemical fertilizers lead to

A
  • eutrophication, water pollution
189
Q

pesticides lead to

A
  • biodiversity impacts, human health
190
Q

Tillage/machinery lead to

A
  • reduced soil cover, erosion
191
Q

improved seeds in monoculture lead to

A
  • loss of genetic resources, & crop diversity
192
Q

Agroecology

A
  • Nature Model: heterogeneity, ecosystems processes, optimization (optimize crop for humans but do not maximize)
  • local adapted species and cultivators
  • biological N fixation, manure, composts
  • biological pests and disease control
  • scientific knowledge integrated with farmer knowledge
193
Q

Agroecological Intensification

A
  • redesign approaches to increasing food yield that is environmentally friendly
194
Q

Annual Crops v Perrenial crops

A
  • Annual (wheat, barley, rice, corn): extremely productive, require high external inputs, unintended consequences (sensitive to weather shifts, pest issues, enviro issues)
  • Perennial: control erosion, reduce leaching of extra N and Phos, fix carbon, multiple uses (pastures, forages for feed, biomass for energy, perennial grains)
195
Q

Perennial dual purpose crops (1)

A
  • Kernza

- intermediate wheat grass

196
Q

Relative enviro impacts of beed production systems

A
  • feeding grain to cattle: less carbon footprint, more fossil energy use, more soil erosion, more pesticide use
197
Q

Grazing System

A
  • lowers energy consumption, soil erosion, pesticide eco-tax, nitrogen
  • higher nutrient value
198
Q

Problems with areas that need more food

A
  • do not have the resources

- need to change way we produce food if want to solve hunger and rising population

Global Health 203 (1 decks)

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