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PSY 205 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

Scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Experimental Psychologists

A

Research

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3
Q

Clinical Psychologists

A

Evaluate and treat psychological disorders

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4
Q

Counseling Psychologists

A

Less severe issues using therapeutic solutions

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5
Q

School Psychologists

A

Improve curriculum and testing

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6
Q

Industrial Psychologists

A

Human Resource and cooperation between workers

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7
Q

Psychiatry

A

Branch of medicine concerned with psychological disturbances

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8
Q

Wilhem Wundt

A

Founder of Psychology, found the first laboratory

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9
Q

Who found the first laboratory?

A

Wilhem Wundt

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10
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Brought psychology to America

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11
Q

Edward Tichener

A

Structuralism and Method of Introspection

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12
Q

Structuralism

A

Analyze consciousness into basic tenants and how they relate

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13
Q

Method of Introspection

A

Self-Observation of one’s own conscious

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14
Q

William James

A

Functionalism and applied natural selection to human consciousness

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15
Q

Functionalism

A

Psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure

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16
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Unconscious human behavior (Dreams, slip of tongue)

Behavior is influenced by how people cope with sexual urges

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

Scientific Psychology should only observe behavior. Only physical and observable states, not feelings or internal states

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18
Q

John B. Watson

A

Founder of Behaviorism. Downplayed heredity, behavior is governed by environment

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19
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Fundamental Principle. Free will is an illusion. People are controlled by environment. Determinism.

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20
Q

Fundamental Principle

A

Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, vice versa.

Ex. Pigeons and ping pong

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21
Q

Humanism

A

Emphasizes unique qualities of human and personal worth. Humans are rational and will fulfill potential if given opportunities.

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22
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Person-centered therapy (behavior is governed by one’s sense of self)

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23
Q

Adam Maslow

A

Hierarchy of Needs

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24
Q

Cognition

A

Refers to mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge (Memory, language, problem solving, etc.)

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25
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Physiological brain states directly correlate with mental states

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26
Q

Goals of Scientific Enterprise

A
  1. Measurement and description
  2. Understanding and prediction (Hypothesis)
  3. Application and control
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27
Q

Hypothesis vs. Theory

A

Hypothesis- Tentative statement about relationship between two or more variables

Theory- System of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations (must be testable)

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28
Q

Steps in Scientific Investigation

A
  1. Formulate testable hypothesis
  2. Select Research Method and Design study
  3. Collect Data
  4. Analyze Data, Draw Conclusions
  5. Report findings
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29
Q

Positivism vs. Empiricism

A

Positivism- “Truth exists and we can know it”

Empiricism- Approach to understanding the world that involves collecting data or making observations

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30
Q

Four ways to gain knowledge

A
  1. Intuition
  2. Logic
  3. Authority
  4. Observation
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31
Q

Experiment

A

Research method in which the researcher

  • controls the conditions
  • manipulates variable
  • observes whether changes occur in another variable
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32
Q

Independent vs Dependent

A

Independent- condition or event that varies in order to see its impact on another variable
-is changed to affect dependent

Dependent- variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the IV (data that researcher collects)
-is tested and measured

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33
Q

Experimental vs Control Group

A

Experimental- receives “special” treatment

Control- doesn’t receive treatment

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34
Q

Extraneous Variable

A

Any variables other than Independent Variable that seems to likely influence Dependent Variable
ex. gender, age, athleticism

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35
Q

Random Assignment

A

Controls extraneous variables. All subjects have equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition.

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36
Q

Expectancy/Placebo Effect

A

Change in outcome due t subject’s expectancy to change should happen
Ex. Sugar Pills vs. Advil

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37
Q

Double-Blind Study

A

Neither experimenter nor participant is aware of the group to which participant is assigned

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38
Q

What are non-experimental methods?

A

Surveys and correlational studies

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39
Q

Surveys

A

Questionnaires or interviews that gather info about peoples’ attitudes, beliefs, or behavior

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40
Q

Correlational studies

A

Measure two naturally-occurring things & see if they are related

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41
Q

Confounding variables

A

When two variables are linked that makes it difficult to sort events

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42
Q

Positive vs Negative Correlation

A

Positive- 2 variables vary systematically in same direction
ex. MORE coffee drank, MORE talkative I become

Negative- one variable goes in one direction, the other variable goes in another direction
ex. MORE you work, LESS time you’ll have

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43
Q

Directionality Problem

A

When two variables appear to be linked in one direction, but not the other.

Eating Donuts > Happiness

Happiness > Eating donuts?

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44
Q

Third-Variable Position

A

When two variables appear to be linked, but a third variable is hidden within.
Ex. Hair length and weight (stress/sleep/etc could be third variable)

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45
Q

Social Desirability

A

Tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

46
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with subjects

47
Q

Case Study

A

In-depth investigation of a specific subject

48
Q

Biological Psychology

A

Study of connection between biology and behavior

49
Q

Structure of Neuron

A
  1. Dendrite (receives info)
  2. Soma (Contains nucleus)
  3. Axon (Transmits info from soma to other neurons)
  4. Myelin Sheath (Insulates axons)
  5. Terminal Buttons- (Secretes neurotransmitters)
  6. Synapse (space in between neurons where info is carried)
50
Q

Four types of Neurons

A

Sensory Neuron
Motor Neuron
Interneuron
Mirror Neuron

51
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Carries messages from sensory organs to brain

52
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Carries messages to muscles

53
Q

Interneurons

A

Carries messages from one neuron to another

54
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Brain mirrors movement it sees. Empathy.

55
Q

Glia

A

GLUE. Supports Neurons

56
Q

Process of Neural Communication

A
  1. Resting Potential
  2. Movement of ions across cell membrane
  3. Action Potential
  4. Absolute Refractory Period
57
Q

Resting Potential vs. Action Potential

A

Resting- Neuron is stable, negative, inactive

Action- shift of neuron’s electrical charge that travels along axon

58
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

Minimum length of time after action potential (Another action potential cannot begin)

59
Q

All-Or-None Law

A

Like firing a gun. You cannot half-fire a gun, same with axon and charge.

60
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that transmit info from one neuron to another

61
Q

Postsynaptic potential

A

PSP. Voltage change at receptor site on postsynaptic cell membrane.

62
Q

Inhibitory vs. Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

Inhibitory- Negative voltage shift that decreases likelihood that action potential will be fired

Excitatory- positive voltage that increases likelihood that action potential will be fired

63
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Voluntary movement, attention, memory (Alzheimer’s)

64
Q

Serotonin

A

Sleep, mood, hunger (OCD)

65
Q

Dopamine

A

Voluntary movement and PLEASURABLE emotions (Schizophrenia)

66
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Mood and arousal (ADHD)

67
Q

Oxytocin

A

Love Hormone

68
Q

Endorphins

A

Pleasure, pain relief, response to stress. (Resembles opiate drugs)

69
Q

Antagonist

A

Chemicals that BLOCK action of neutransmitter

70
Q

Agonist

A

Chemcials that MIMIC neurotransmitter

71
Q

Reuptake Inhibitors

A

Chemcials that BIND to terminal buttons and prevent reuptake, causing excess of neurotransmitter

72
Q

Front Lobe

A

Reasoning, thinking, problem solving, speech, smell

73
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processes auditory info, organizes verbal material

74
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Processes visual information

75
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Processes somatosensory information

76
Q

Broca’s Area and Broca’s Aphasia

A

Frontal Lobe.
Area- where speech production is
Aphasia- Problems with producing speech (Mute)

77
Q

Wernicke’s Area and Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Temporal Lobe.
Area- where language comprehension is
Aphasia- Problems with comprehending speech (Jumbled speech/stutter)

78
Q

Cerebellum

A

Back of head. Coordination, equilibrium, balance, posture

79
Q

Parts of Limbic System

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala

80
Q

Thalamus

A

All senses except smell

81
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates bodily needs like hunger, thirst, sex, sleep

82
Q

Amygdala

A

Linked to emotion (fear and aggression)

83
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

84
Q

Sensation vs Perception

A

Sensation-
Stimulation of sense organs
Physiological
Occurs when light rays are collected

Perception-
Sensation, organization and INTERPRETATION
Psychological

85
Q

Parts of Eye

A

CPILR (C pillar)
Cornea, Pupil
Iris, Lens, Retina

86
Q

Cornea

A

Covers pupil

87
Q

Pupil

A

Light enters rear chamber of eye

88
Q

Iris

A

Colored ring surrounding pupil

89
Q

Lens

A

Transparent eye structure that focuses light rays falling onto retina

90
Q

Retina

A

Neural Tissue lining inside back surface of eye

  • Sends info to brain
  • Flips image
91
Q

Optic Disk

A

Hole in retina where optic nerve fibers exit eye

BLIND SPOT

92
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

Point at which optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over to opposite sides of brain

93
Q

Rods vs Cones

A

Rods- Night vision, dark adaptation

Cones- Day vision, color.
Cones=Color

94
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Three types of cones (RED, GREEN, BLUE) make combination of colors and light.
(like a TV)

95
Q

Monochromats vs Dichromats

A

Mono- Complete colorblindness

Di- People can see a mixture of colors

96
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

Color Perception makes antagonistic responses
Red vs Green
Yellow vs Blue
Black vs White

97
Q

After-image

A

Visual image that persists after stimulus is removed

98
Q

Synesthesia

A

Neurological condition which leads to unusual sensory experiences

  • Tasting Colors
  • Hearing sounds with visual images

Ex. Like the game Synthesia

99
Q

Bottom-up vs Top-Down

A

Bottom-Up- Progression from individual elements to whole
Ex. Seeing C A T, then processing the word CAT

Top-Down- Progression from whole to elements (like an assumption)
Ex. Seeing CHT and our brains perceive CAT

100
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation

Ex. Smelling a perfume for the first time vs smelling it for an hour

101
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failure to see objects or events because one’s attention is focused elsewhere
Ex. Asking for direction video

102
Q

Subtractive vs Additive color mixing

A

Subtractive- removing wavelengths of light and leaving less light than before
Ex. Mixing yellow and blue > green

Additive- superimposing lights, putting in more light
Ex. Red and Green on White

103
Q

Psychology vs Psychiatry

A

Psychology- Scientific study of human/animal behavior and mental processes

Psychiatry- Branch of medicine concerned with psychological disturbances (They also have medical degrees)

104
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of empirical approach

A

Strength- Good at answering PRACTICAL questions

Weaknesses- Bad at answering MEANING-BASED questions

105
Q

Operational Variable

A

Describes actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable

106
Q

Experimenter Bias

A

When a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence results

107
Q

How do our brains process visual info?

A

Wavelength (Color) and Amplitude (Brightness)

108
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

Illusion of movement by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession
Ex. Circle that looks like its rotating

109
Q

Depth Perception

A

Involves interpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are

110
Q

Social Psychology

A

Branch of Psychology that deals with social interactions (people’s thoughts, behaviors, feelings based on society)

111
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Scientific study of strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive

PSY 205 (1 decks)

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