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General Biology I > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Divergent Species

A

Have common ancestors and have diverged from each other over time

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2
Q

Population bottleneck

A

Large populations pass through environment events that only a small number survive

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3
Q

Nonrandom mating that does not alter reproductive success does not result in evolutionary change. Why not?

A

The genotype frequency will be altered but not the allele frequency

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4
Q

Genetic Structure

A

The frequency of different alleles and genotypes in a population

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5
Q

Conditions in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

A
  1. No mutation
  2. No selection among genotypes
  3. Population is infinitely large
  4. Mating is random
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6
Q

Types of selection

A

Disruptive, stabilizing, and directional

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7
Q

Locus

A

The point on a chromosome where two alleles exist

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8
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of the relationships between organisms

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9
Q

Taxon

A

A group of species that are designated with a name

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10
Q

Clade

A

A taxon that consists of all the evolutionary descendants of a common ancestor

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11
Q

Homologous features

A

Features shared by two more species that have been inherited from a common ancestor

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12
Q

Synapomorphies

A

Derived traits in a group of organisms that are evidence of their common ancestry

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13
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independent evolution of similar features from different ancestral traits

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14
Q

Homoplasies

A

Traits that are present in multiple organisms but not in their common ancestor

Can come from convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal

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15
Q

Evolutionary reversal

A

The reappearance of an ancestral trait in a group that had previously acquired a derived trait

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16
Q

Data from which phylogenies are constructed

A
  1. Morphology
  2. Development
  3. Paleontology
  4. Behavior
  5. Molecular Data
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17
Q

How are phylogenies used?

A
  1. Reconstructing past events
  2. Understanding the evolution of complex traits
  3. Revealing convergent evolution
  4. Reconstructing ancestral states
  5. Molecular clocks help date evolutionary events
18
Q

Monophyletic

A

A biological classification containing the common ancestor and all its descendants

19
Q

Polyphyletic

A

A biological classification that contains multiple distantly related organisms but not the common ancestor

20
Q

Paraphyletic

A

A biological classification that contains a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

21
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

(p^2)+2pq+(q^2)

Where p is the dominant allele and q is the recessive allele

22
Q

How to find p or q

A

p=(2NAA+NAa)/2N

q=(2Naa+Na)/2N

23
Q

Speciation

A

The divergence of biological lineages and the emergence of reproductive isolation between lineages

24
Q

Species Concepts

A
  1. Morphological
  2. Biological
  3. Lineage
25
Q

Cryptic species

A

Species that are morphologically similar but do not interbreed

26
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

A state in which two groups of organisms can no longer exchange genes

27
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

Speciation that results when a population is divided by a physical barrier

28
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

Speciation that occurs without physical barriers

29
Q

Polyploidy

A

The duplication of a set of chromosomes within individuals

30
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

The possession of more than two chromosomes that are derived from more than one species

31
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

The possession of more than two entire chromosomes sets that are derived from a single species

32
Q

Examples of pre-zygotic mechanisms of reinforcement

A
  1. Mechanical isolation
  2. Temporal isolation
  3. Behavioral isolation
  4. Habitat isolation
  5. Gametic isolation
33
Q

Post-zygotic mechanisms of reinforcement

A
  1. Low hybrid zygote viability
  2. Low hybrid adult viability
  3. Hybrid infertility
34
Q

Hybrid zones

A

If reproductive isolation is not complete then closely related species may reproduce in areas where they are in contact

35
Q

Traits used to classify organisms

A
  1. Behavior
  2. Morphology
  3. Molecularly
  4. Paleontology
  5. Development
36
Q

Homologous traits

A

Traits that descended from a common ancestor (in two or more species)

37
Q

Derived trait

A

A trait that differs from its ancestral form

38
Q

Domain

A

Classification above kingdom

  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
  3. Eukarya
39
Q

Factors influencing speciation rates

A
  1. Ecological
  2. Population bottleneck
  3. Type of population
  4. Environmental changes
  5. Sexual selection
40
Q

Founder effect

A

The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestor

41
Q

Methods of sympatric speciation

A

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General Biology I (1 decks)

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