Exam 1 Flashcards
Childhood development explores three broad domains:
1) Physical development
2) Cognitive development
3) Emotional and social development
Organismic theory:
Psychological structures exist inside the child. Natural evolution of skills that come with maturation.
Continuous development:
skills are gradually added to what was there to begin with
Discontinuous development:
development takes place in stages. the belief that all children will follow in the same sequence
Plasticity:
open to change in response to influential experiences
Three Behaviorisms:
classical conditioning, operant conditions (reinforcers or punishments) and social learning
Piaget’s Four Stages:
1) Sensorimotor (Birth - 2) 2) Preoperational (2-7)
3) Concrete operational (7-11)
4) Formal Operational (11+)
3 points to Piaget’s Theory:
Cognitive-developmental theory: Development occurs in stages as children actively manipulate and explore the environment.
A child’s mental structures adapt to understand the external world and to achieve a sense of mental balance - equilibrium.
Children are active learners. Cognition.
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:
Focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving to define a community’s culture.
Information processing:
Uses a digital computer as a metaphor for our thought processes. Emphasizes the study of attention, memory, problem-solving. Not a stage theory of development.
Longitudinal design:
Participants are studied repeatedly over an extended period of time.
What is the most widely discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings?
Cohort effects, in which cohorts are children born at the same time, who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions.
What is a more efficient strategy compared to the longitudinal design?
Cross-sectional: individuals of different ages are tested at the same point in time.
Which design is it that combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?
sequential designs
What are directly observable characteristics called?
Phenotypes
What are the complex blend of genetic info that determine our species and influence all our unique characteristics?
Genotype
What are the rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic information?
Chromosomes
What are chromosomes made up of and how many chromosomes are there in a cell?
DNA and 23 pairs of chromosomes
What is contained in the chromosomes, totaling up to an amount of 20,000 to 100,000?
Genes, molecules of DNA, the blueprints for the development of the individual, tell the cells what to do.
What are gametes?
sex cells. seem in the male and ova in the female.
What is the process of cell division through which gametes are formed?
Meiosis
Difference between XX and XY pair of sex chromosomes:
Females have XX. Males have XY.
When sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting zygote has how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes – 23 from each parent.
What are the 22 pairs of matching chromosomes in the human cell called?
Autosomes
What is an allele?
a pair of genes, found corresponding chromosomes, that affect the same trait.
The child is homozygous if:
the alleles from both parents are alike
The child is heterozygous if:
the alleles are different
Name 3 recessive genetic disorders:
1) Sickle cell anemia
2) PKU
3) Cystic fibrosis
The most common chromosomal abnormalities:
Down syndrome
Common types of prenatal diagnostic methods:
amniocentesis, ultrasound
During conception, what bursts from a woman’s ovaries, and is drawn into one of two fallopian tubes?
an ovum, the largest cell in the human body
From where does the male produce sperm?
From the testes
How long does the period of the zygote last?
Two weeks
After the one-celled zygote multiplies, what is formed?
The blastocyst
What is implantation?
Occurs between the 7th and 9th day, when the blastocyst burrow deep into the uterine lining
What will become the new organism?
The embryonic disk.
After the trophoblast, the thin outer ring of cells covering the embryonic disk, multiplies rapidly, what membrane does it form that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid?
The amnion
How long is the embryo stage?
6 weeks
When and what is the sensitive period?
It is the most important time of development for major organs. it is especially vulnerable to interference with healthy development. Starts during the third week through the embryonic period
What does the ectoderm fold over to form during the period of the embryo?
the neural tube or spinal cord
What is the longest prenatal period?
The Period of the fetus, starting at the ninth week
What is it called when the mother can feel movement?
quickening
During the second trimester, what increases tenfold from the 20th week until birth?
brain weight, and synapses in the brain form
During the third trimester, what is the point at which the baby can first survive if born, occurring sometime between 22 and 26 weeks?
the age of viability
What is any environmental agent that can cause damage during the prenatal period?
A teratogen
What is the time when teratogens are most likely to produce serious defects in prenatal development?
the embryonic period
Emotional conditions of the mother can accept prenatal development because why?
blood supply increases to the brain, heart and limbs, so that there is a decreased blood supply to the uterus and stress hormones cross the placenta
DES exposure:
children grew up to have cancer of the vagina, malformations of the uterus and infertility. Young men shows genital abnormalities ad cancer of the testes.
Effects of cocaine and heroin:
prematurity, LBW, physical defects breathing difficulties and even death.
At what age does maternal age risk infertility, miscarriage and babies with chromosomal defects?
30-40
What is the hormone involved in stress response that the placenta releases as pregnancy advances?
corticotropin-releasing hormone
What occurs during Stage 1?
dilation and effacement of the cervix, which means it opens and thins. longest stage. transition (contractions at their peak and the cervix opens completely) occurs
What occurs during stage 2?
Delivery of the baby: crowning occurs (vaginal opening stretching around the entire head)
What occurs during stage 3?
delivery of the placenta. labor ends.
How do doctors and nurses assess the newborn’s physical condition quickly at 1 and 5 minutes after birth?
Apgar scale
