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PSYCH: Early Childhood Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Childhood development explores three broad domains:

A

1) Physical development
2) Cognitive development
3) Emotional and social development

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2
Q

Organismic theory:

A

Psychological structures exist inside the child. Natural evolution of skills that come with maturation.

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3
Q

Continuous development:

A

skills are gradually added to what was there to begin with

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4
Q

Discontinuous development:

A

development takes place in stages. the belief that all children will follow in the same sequence

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5
Q

Plasticity:

A

open to change in response to influential experiences

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6
Q

Three Behaviorisms:

A

classical conditioning, operant conditions (reinforcers or punishments) and social learning

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7
Q

Piaget’s Four Stages:

A

1) Sensorimotor (Birth - 2) 2) Preoperational (2-7)
3) Concrete operational (7-11)
4) Formal Operational (11+)

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8
Q

3 points to Piaget’s Theory:

A

Cognitive-developmental theory: Development occurs in stages as children actively manipulate and explore the environment.
A child’s mental structures adapt to understand the external world and to achieve a sense of mental balance - equilibrium.
Children are active learners. Cognition.

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9
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory:

A

Focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving to define a community’s culture.

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10
Q

Information processing:

A

Uses a digital computer as a metaphor for our thought processes. Emphasizes the study of attention, memory, problem-solving. Not a stage theory of development.

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11
Q

Longitudinal design:

A

Participants are studied repeatedly over an extended period of time.

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12
Q

What is the most widely discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings?

A

Cohort effects, in which cohorts are children born at the same time, who are influenced by particular cultural and historical conditions.

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13
Q

What is a more efficient strategy compared to the longitudinal design?

A

Cross-sectional: individuals of different ages are tested at the same point in time.

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14
Q

Which design is it that combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs?

A

sequential designs

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15
Q

What are directly observable characteristics called?

A

Phenotypes

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16
Q

What are the complex blend of genetic info that determine our species and influence all our unique characteristics?

A

Genotype

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17
Q

What are the rodlike structures that store and transmit genetic information?

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

What are chromosomes made up of and how many chromosomes are there in a cell?

A

DNA and 23 pairs of chromosomes

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19
Q

What is contained in the chromosomes, totaling up to an amount of 20,000 to 100,000?

A

Genes, molecules of DNA, the blueprints for the development of the individual, tell the cells what to do.

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20
Q

What are gametes?

A

sex cells. seem in the male and ova in the female.

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21
Q

What is the process of cell division through which gametes are formed?

A

Meiosis

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22
Q

Difference between XX and XY pair of sex chromosomes:

A

Females have XX. Males have XY.

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23
Q

When sperm and ovum unite at conception, the resulting zygote has how many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes – 23 from each parent.

24
Q

What are the 22 pairs of matching chromosomes in the human cell called?

A

Autosomes

25
Q

What is an allele?

A

a pair of genes, found corresponding chromosomes, that affect the same trait.

26
Q

The child is homozygous if:

A

the alleles from both parents are alike

27
Q

The child is heterozygous if:

A

the alleles are different

28
Q

Name 3 recessive genetic disorders:

A

1) Sickle cell anemia
2) PKU
3) Cystic fibrosis

29
Q

The most common chromosomal abnormalities:

A

Down syndrome

30
Q

Common types of prenatal diagnostic methods:

A

amniocentesis, ultrasound

31
Q

During conception, what bursts from a woman’s ovaries, and is drawn into one of two fallopian tubes?

A

an ovum, the largest cell in the human body

32
Q

From where does the male produce sperm?

A

From the testes

33
Q

How long does the period of the zygote last?

A

Two weeks

34
Q

After the one-celled zygote multiplies, what is formed?

A

The blastocyst

35
Q

What is implantation?

A

Occurs between the 7th and 9th day, when the blastocyst burrow deep into the uterine lining

36
Q

What will become the new organism?

A

The embryonic disk.

37
Q

After the trophoblast, the thin outer ring of cells covering the embryonic disk, multiplies rapidly, what membrane does it form that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid?

A

The amnion

38
Q

How long is the embryo stage?

A

6 weeks

39
Q

When and what is the sensitive period?

A

It is the most important time of development for major organs. it is especially vulnerable to interference with healthy development. Starts during the third week through the embryonic period

40
Q

What does the ectoderm fold over to form during the period of the embryo?

A

the neural tube or spinal cord

41
Q

What is the longest prenatal period?

A

The Period of the fetus, starting at the ninth week

42
Q

What is it called when the mother can feel movement?

A

quickening

43
Q

During the second trimester, what increases tenfold from the 20th week until birth?

A

brain weight, and synapses in the brain form

44
Q

During the third trimester, what is the point at which the baby can first survive if born, occurring sometime between 22 and 26 weeks?

A

the age of viability

45
Q

What is any environmental agent that can cause damage during the prenatal period?

A

A teratogen

46
Q

What is the time when teratogens are most likely to produce serious defects in prenatal development?

A

the embryonic period

47
Q

Emotional conditions of the mother can accept prenatal development because why?

A

blood supply increases to the brain, heart and limbs, so that there is a decreased blood supply to the uterus and stress hormones cross the placenta

48
Q

DES exposure:

A

children grew up to have cancer of the vagina, malformations of the uterus and infertility. Young men shows genital abnormalities ad cancer of the testes.

49
Q

Effects of cocaine and heroin:

A

prematurity, LBW, physical defects breathing difficulties and even death.

50
Q

At what age does maternal age risk infertility, miscarriage and babies with chromosomal defects?

A

30-40

51
Q

What is the hormone involved in stress response that the placenta releases as pregnancy advances?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

52
Q

What occurs during Stage 1?

A

dilation and effacement of the cervix, which means it opens and thins. longest stage. transition (contractions at their peak and the cervix opens completely) occurs

53
Q

What occurs during stage 2?

A

Delivery of the baby: crowning occurs (vaginal opening stretching around the entire head)

54
Q

What occurs during stage 3?

A

delivery of the placenta. labor ends.

55
Q

How do doctors and nurses assess the newborn’s physical condition quickly at 1 and 5 minutes after birth?

A

Apgar scale

PSYCH: Early Childhood Development (1 decks)

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