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EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Early Psychology (18th century definition)

A

study of the mind

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2
Q

Psychology (current)

A

scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes

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3
Q

Psychiatry

A

branch of medicine concerned with psychological disturbances

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4
Q

experimental psychologists

A

conduct research

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5
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

evaluate and treat psychological disorders

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6
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

typically treat less severe problems

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7
Q

School psychologists

A

improve curriculum, testing

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8
Q

Industrial psychologists

A

run human resources departments

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9
Q

Willhem Wundt

A

founded psychology; established 1st research lab at university of leipzig and 1st psychology journal

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10
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Wundt’s student; brought psychology to america; established 1st US research lab at john hopkins university; established APA

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic tenants and investigate how these elements are related

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than structure

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13
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Structuralist; method of introspection: careful, self observation of one’s own conscious experience

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14
Q

William James

A

Functionalist; consciousness must have a purpose; applied natural selection to human consciousness

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15
Q

Signmund Freud

A

attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior; Freud’s idea of unconscious suggests people are not in control

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16
Q

Behaviorism

A

scientific psychology should only study observable behavior

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17
Q

John B. Watson

A

founder of behaviorism; behavior is governed by the environment

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18
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Fundamental principle; asserted that all behavior is governed by external stimuli; determinism

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19
Q

Fundamental principle

A

organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend to not repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative responses

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20
Q

Determinism

A

whatever happens in the world has a cause and the cause is already pre-determined

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21
Q

Humanism

A

emphasizes unique qualities of human and personal worth. people are rational beings, and will fulfill their potential if given the opportunity

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22
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Behavior is governed by one’s sense of self

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23
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs; self actualization, self esteem needs, love and belonging, safety needs, physiological needs

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24
Q

Cognition

A

refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge; memory, language, reasoning, problem solving

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25
Cognitive neuroscience
physiological brain states directly correlate with mental states
26
Social Psychology
stimuli depends on how individuals and groups interpret it; wants to understand social behavior, attitudes, prejudice, aggression, attraction, group behavior, and conformity
27
Evolutionary psychology
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success
28
Positive Psychology
scientific study of human flourishing, and an applied approach to optimal functioning
29
Positivism
Truth exists and we can know it.
30
Empiricism
an approach to understanding the world that involves collecting data or making observations.
31
Independent Variable
condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable
32
Dependent Variable
variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable; data the researcher collects
33
Experimental group
receive some special "treatment" in regard to the IV
34
Control group
receives no treatment
35
Extraneous variables
any variables other the IV that seem likely to influence the DV in a study
36
Random Assignment
all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition
37
Expectancy effects
change in the outcome is due to the subjects expectancy that change should happen
38
Double-blind study
neither the experimenter nor participant is aware of the group to which participant is assigned
39
Experimental Research Advantages
conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables; precise control, isolate variables
40
Experimental Research Disadvantages
Often artificial due to need to control study; doubts arise in terms of applicability to world; can't be used to explore some research questions
41
Survey
questionnaires or interviews that gather information about people's attitudes, beliefs, or behavior
42
Survey Advantages
Inexpensive; easy to collect data
43
Survey Disadvantages
tendency to give socially appropriate answers to questions about oneself
44
Correlational Studies
measure two naturally-occurring things and see if they are related
45
Positive correlation
2 variables vary systematically in the same direction
46
negative correlation
2 variables vary systematically in opposite directions
47
Operation Definition
describes how to control the variable
48
Third variable problem
two variables could be highly correlated but both could be caused by a third variable
49
Naturalistic Observation
directly observe and record behavior
50
Reactivity
subjects behavior differs because they are being watched
51
Charles Whitman
had tumor that pushed against his brain causing irrational thoughts
52
Participant observation
researcher intervenes with the environment; leon festinger- cult predicts doomsday
53
Case study
highly detailed description of a single individual; used to investigate rare, unusual, and extreme conditions
54
Extraneous Variables
variable other than Independent variable that seems likely to influence the dependent variable in a study
55
Confounding variable
specific type of extraneous variable; varies with manipulation so it is difficult to sort the affect on the dependent variable
56
Neural Impuse
nuron is at rest, the dendrite receives info, the neuron integrates info in soma, electrical impulse travels down the axon to terminal buttons, near transmitters release into the synapse, and the cell membrane closes and returns to a negative state
57
Neurons
nerve cells that receive, integrate, and transmit info
58
Glia
GLUE support neurons that are 50% of brain volume
59
Sensory neurons
carry message from sensory organs
60
Motor neurons
carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands
61
Interneurons
carry messages from one neuron to another
62
Mirror Neurons
brain mirrors movements it sees; mechanism for empathy; ties us to others' actions and feelings
63
Dendrites
receive information
64
Soma
cell body, contains nucleus
65
Axon
transmits info away from the soma to other neurons
66
Myelin Sheath
insulates axons, speeds up transmission
67
Terminal Button
secrete neurotransmitters
68
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
occurs when myelin layer is destroyed
69
Seratonin
Sleep, mood, hunger; low: depression; high: OCD
70
Endorphins
pleasure, pain relief, responses to stress; morphine within, resembles opiate drugs
71
Dopamine
voluntary movements, pleasurable emotions; low: parkinson; high: skitzo
72
Acetylcholine
arousal, attention, movement, memory
73
Norepinephrine
mood and arousal; low: ADHD, depression
74
Oxytocin
"low hormone" that acts like a neurotransmitter in the brain; spray used to treat autism
75
Antagonist
chemical that blocks the action of nuerotransmitters
76
Agonists
chemical that mimics neurotransmitter
77
Reuptake Inhibitors
chemical that binds to the terminal buttons and prevents reuptake, thereby causing an excess of that NT
78
Frontal Lobe
Reasoning, thinking, planning, problem solving, parts of speech, motor control, sense of smell; daily decisions in our daily lives, controls emotional responses, assigns meanings to the words we use
79
Broca's Area
speech production; located in left frontal lobe
80
Broca's Aphasia
problems producing speech, attempts to speak, nothing comes out
81
Temporal Lobe
processes auditory information, organizes verbal material, important for the processing of semantics in speech
82
Wernicke's area
comprehension of language; located in the left temporal lobe
83
Wernicke's aphasia
problems comprehending language; jumbled speech
84
Occipital Lobe
Processes visual information, damage to the primary visual cortex can cause blindness, distorted vision, inability to perceive the way objects move, color distinction
85
Parietal lobe
processes somatosensory information; integrates sensory information from various parts of the body; spatial sense and navigation; if not functioning, epileptic behavior can occur
86
Cerebellum
Little brain; coordination, equilibrium, balance, posture
87
Thalamus
sensory switchboard; all sensory information is processed in the thalamus before being sent to the cerebral cortex
88
Hypothalamus
helps regulate hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, temperature control, hormones, motivation and emotional drives.
89
Hippocampus
Aids in the formation of new memories
90
Amygdala
two almond-shaped neural clusters; linked to emotion and some memory processes
91
Hypothesis
tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
92
Theory
system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
93
Operational
describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable
94
Synapse
junction where info is transmitted from one neuron to another
95
Resting potential
neurons stable, negative charge while inactive
96
Action Potential
voltage spike that carries along the axon
97
All-or-none law
neuron either fires or doesn't fire
98
Limbic system
Loosely connected network that contributes to emotion, memory, motivation, and reward
99
Psychophysics
study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience
100
Sensation
the stimulation of sense organs (physiological
101
Perception
the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input; psychological
102
Wavelength
perceived as color
103
Amplitude
perceived as brightness
104
ORDER OF FLOW OF VISION
CPILR- CORNEA -> PUPIL -> IRIS -> LENS -> RETINA -> OPTIC CHIASM
105
Cornea
where light first enters the eye
106
Pupil
permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye
107
Iris
colored ring of muscle surrounding the pupil
108
Lens
transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina
109
Retina
neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; retina flips the images we see
110
Optic Chiasm
the point at which the optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over to opposite sides of the brain
111
Optic Disk
a hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit
112
Rods
night and peripheral vision; sensitive to dim light
113
Cones
COLOR and daylight vision; visual activity
114
Dark Adaptation
going from daylight into dim light
115
Light Adaptation
coming out of a movie theater and squint
116
Synesthesia
A neurological condition which leads to unusual sensory experiences; tasting colors, sounds
117
Trichromatic Theory
Explanation for some types of colorblindness
118
Opponent-process theory
color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors
119
Perceptual set
readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
120
Inattention blindness
failure to see objects or events because ones attention is focused elsewhere
121
Top-down processing
Concept driven; whole --> part; a profession from the whole to the elements
122
Bottom-up processing
(data driven) part--> whole ; a progression from individual elements to a whole
123
Sensory adaptation
gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation

PSY 205 (2 decks)

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