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PSY 205 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Early Psychology (18th century definition)

A

study of the mind

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2
Q

Psychology (current)

A

scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes

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3
Q

Psychiatry

A

branch of medicine concerned with psychological disturbances

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4
Q

experimental psychologists

A

conduct research

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5
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

evaluate and treat psychological disorders

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6
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

typically treat less severe problems

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7
Q

School psychologists

A

improve curriculum, testing

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8
Q

Industrial psychologists

A

run human resources departments

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9
Q

Willhem Wundt

A

founded psychology; established 1st research lab at university of leipzig and 1st psychology journal

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10
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Wundt’s student; brought psychology to america; established 1st US research lab at john hopkins university; established APA

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic tenants and investigate how these elements are related

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than structure

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13
Q

Edward Titchener

A

Structuralist; method of introspection: careful, self observation of one’s own conscious experience

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14
Q

William James

A

Functionalist; consciousness must have a purpose; applied natural selection to human consciousness

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15
Q

Signmund Freud

A

attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior; Freud’s idea of unconscious suggests people are not in control

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16
Q

Behaviorism

A

scientific psychology should only study observable behavior

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17
Q

John B. Watson

A

founder of behaviorism; behavior is governed by the environment

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18
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Fundamental principle; asserted that all behavior is governed by external stimuli; determinism

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19
Q

Fundamental principle

A

organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend to not repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative responses

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20
Q

Determinism

A

whatever happens in the world has a cause and the cause is already pre-determined

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21
Q

Humanism

A

emphasizes unique qualities of human and personal worth. people are rational beings, and will fulfill their potential if given the opportunity

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22
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Behavior is governed by one’s sense of self

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23
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs; self actualization, self esteem needs, love and belonging, safety needs, physiological needs

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24
Q

Cognition

A

refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge; memory, language, reasoning, problem solving

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25
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

physiological brain states directly correlate with mental states

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26
Q

Social Psychology

A

stimuli depends on how individuals and groups interpret it; wants to understand social behavior, attitudes, prejudice, aggression, attraction, group behavior, and conformity

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27
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value; natural selection favors behaviors that enhance reproductive success

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28
Q

Positive Psychology

A

scientific study of human flourishing, and an applied approach to optimal functioning

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29
Q

Positivism

A

Truth exists and we can know it.

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30
Q

Empiricism

A

an approach to understanding the world that involves collecting data or making observations.

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31
Q

Independent Variable

A

condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

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32
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable; data the researcher collects

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33
Q

Experimental group

A

receive some special “treatment” in regard to the IV

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34
Q

Control group

A

receives no treatment

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35
Q

Extraneous variables

A

any variables other the IV that seem likely to influence the DV in a study

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36
Q

Random Assignment

A

all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition

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37
Q

Expectancy effects

A

change in the outcome is due to the subjects expectancy that change should happen

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38
Q

Double-blind study

A

neither the experimenter nor participant is aware of the group to which participant is assigned

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39
Q

Experimental Research Advantages

A

conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables; precise control, isolate variables

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40
Q

Experimental Research Disadvantages

A

Often artificial due to need to control study; doubts arise in terms of applicability to world; can’t be used to explore some research questions

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41
Q

Survey

A

questionnaires or interviews that gather information about people’s attitudes, beliefs, or behavior

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42
Q

Survey Advantages

A

Inexpensive; easy to collect data

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43
Q

Survey Disadvantages

A

tendency to give socially appropriate answers to questions about oneself

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44
Q

Correlational Studies

A

measure two naturally-occurring things and see if they are related

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45
Q

Positive correlation

A

2 variables vary systematically in the same direction

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46
Q

negative correlation

A

2 variables vary systematically in opposite directions

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47
Q

Operation Definition

A

describes how to control the variable

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48
Q

Third variable problem

A

two variables could be highly correlated but both could be caused by a third variable

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49
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

directly observe and record behavior

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50
Q

Reactivity

A

subjects behavior differs because they are being watched

51
Q

Charles Whitman

A

had tumor that pushed against his brain causing irrational thoughts

52
Q

Participant observation

A

researcher intervenes with the environment; leon festinger- cult predicts doomsday

53
Q

Case study

A

highly detailed description of a single individual; used to investigate rare, unusual, and extreme conditions

54
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

variable other than Independent variable that seems likely to influence the dependent variable in a study

55
Q

Confounding variable

A

specific type of extraneous variable; varies with manipulation so it is difficult to sort the affect on the dependent variable

56
Q

Neural Impuse

A

nuron is at rest, the dendrite receives info, the neuron integrates info in soma, electrical impulse travels down the axon to terminal buttons, near transmitters release into the synapse, and the cell membrane closes and returns to a negative state

57
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that receive, integrate, and transmit info

58
Q

Glia

A

GLUE support neurons that are 50% of brain volume

59
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry message from sensory organs

60
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry messages from the spinal cord or brain to muscles and glands

61
Q

Interneurons

A

carry messages from one neuron to another

62
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

brain mirrors movements it sees; mechanism for empathy; ties us to others’ actions and feelings

63
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information

64
Q

Soma

A

cell body, contains nucleus

65
Q

Axon

A

transmits info away from the soma to other neurons

66
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulates axons, speeds up transmission

67
Q

Terminal Button

A

secrete neurotransmitters

68
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

occurs when myelin layer is destroyed

69
Q

Seratonin

A

Sleep, mood, hunger; low: depression; high: OCD

70
Q

Endorphins

A

pleasure, pain relief, responses to stress; morphine within, resembles opiate drugs

71
Q

Dopamine

A

voluntary movements, pleasurable emotions; low: parkinson; high: skitzo

72
Q

Acetylcholine

A

arousal, attention, movement, memory

73
Q

Norepinephrine

A

mood and arousal; low: ADHD, depression

74
Q

Oxytocin

A

“low hormone” that acts like a neurotransmitter in the brain; spray used to treat autism

75
Q

Antagonist

A

chemical that blocks the action of nuerotransmitters

76
Q

Agonists

A

chemical that mimics neurotransmitter

77
Q

Reuptake Inhibitors

A

chemical that binds to the terminal buttons and prevents reuptake, thereby causing an excess of that NT

78
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Reasoning, thinking, planning, problem solving, parts of speech, motor control, sense of smell; daily decisions in our daily lives, controls emotional responses, assigns meanings to the words we use

79
Q

Broca’s Area

A

speech production; located in left frontal lobe

80
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

problems producing speech, attempts to speak, nothing comes out

81
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

processes auditory information, organizes verbal material, important for the processing of semantics in speech

82
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of language; located in the left temporal lobe

83
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

problems comprehending language; jumbled speech

84
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Processes visual information, damage to the primary visual cortex can cause blindness, distorted vision, inability to perceive the way objects move, color distinction

85
Q

Parietal lobe

A

processes somatosensory information; integrates sensory information from various parts of the body; spatial sense and navigation; if not functioning, epileptic behavior can occur

86
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain; coordination, equilibrium, balance, posture

87
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory switchboard; all sensory information is processed in the thalamus before being sent to the cerebral cortex

88
Q

Hypothalamus

A

helps regulate hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, temperature control, hormones, motivation and emotional drives.

89
Q

Hippocampus

A

Aids in the formation of new memories

90
Q

Amygdala

A

two almond-shaped neural clusters; linked to emotion and some memory processes

91
Q

Hypothesis

A

tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

92
Q

Theory

A

system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

93
Q

Operational

A

describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable

94
Q

Synapse

A

junction where info is transmitted from one neuron to another

95
Q

Resting potential

A

neurons stable, negative charge while inactive

96
Q

Action Potential

A

voltage spike that carries along the axon

97
Q

All-or-none law

A

neuron either fires or doesn’t fire

98
Q

Limbic system

A

Loosely connected network that contributes to emotion, memory, motivation, and reward

99
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

100
Q

Sensation

A

the stimulation of sense organs (physiological

101
Q

Perception

A

the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input; psychological

102
Q

Wavelength

A

perceived as color

103
Q

Amplitude

A

perceived as brightness

104
Q

ORDER OF FLOW OF VISION

A

CPILR- CORNEA -> PUPIL -> IRIS -> LENS -> RETINA -> OPTIC CHIASM

105
Q

Cornea

A

where light first enters the eye

106
Q

Pupil

A

permits light to pass into the rear chamber of the eye

107
Q

Iris

A

colored ring of muscle surrounding the pupil

108
Q

Lens

A

transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina

109
Q

Retina

A

neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye; retina flips the images we see

110
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the point at which the optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over to opposite sides of the brain

111
Q

Optic Disk

A

a hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibers exit

112
Q

Rods

A

night and peripheral vision; sensitive to dim light

113
Q

Cones

A

COLOR and daylight vision; visual activity

114
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

going from daylight into dim light

115
Q

Light Adaptation

A

coming out of a movie theater and squint

116
Q

Synesthesia

A

A neurological condition which leads to unusual sensory experiences; tasting colors, sounds

117
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

Explanation for some types of colorblindness

118
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors

119
Q

Perceptual set

A

readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way

120
Q

Inattention blindness

A

failure to see objects or events because ones attention is focused elsewhere

121
Q

Top-down processing

A

Concept driven; whole –> part; a profession from the whole to the elements

122
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

(data driven) part–> whole ; a progression from individual elements to a whole

123
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation

PSY 205 (2 decks)

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