Exam 1 Flashcards
Attitude
Favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction towards something or someone
Based on beliefs which are outcomes and values which are importantance
ABC’s of Attitude
Affective which are emotional. Behavioral component which are actions are observable behavior. Cognitive competent which are thought or beliefs
Affectively based attitude
Based on feelings, emotions, and values. Emotions register it or limbic system, the most primal area, very strong attitude formers. Can be contradictory.
Where do effectively based attitudes come from?
Peoples values, religion. Aesthetic reaction, the lines of a sculpture. Conditioning, habits. Sensory reaction, the sound of someone’s voice.
Attitudes transform with experience
Terminal values-overall life goals
Prosperous life. Exciting life. Sense of accomplishment. Salvation. Self-respect. Pleasure. Wisdom. True friendship. Equality.
Instrumental values-what we strive for
Ambitious. Broad-minded. Capable. Cheerful. Clean. Hopeful. Honest. Obedient. Loveing Responsible.
Conditioning-affectively based
Mere exposure effect-we will naturally gravitate toward the familiar.
Are our attitudes conscious or unconscious?
Explicit-attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report
Implicit-involuntary uncontrollable, sometimes unconscious.
Cognitive dissonance
An uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory ideas, values, beliefs simultaneously
Rational behavior
Reasoning centers shut down when confronted with this event information . Emotional centers light up
Ways to reduce it: changing behavior, just the five behavior through changing one of the dissident cognitions conditions, justify our behavior by adding new cognition.
Post decision dissonance
Dissonance aroused typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative/deevaluating the rejected alternatives
Locus of control
Subjective appraisal of factors that account for the occurrence of events and outcomes, an individual’s perception of all the underlying main causes of events in his or her life
External locus of control vs internal locus of control
Outcomes outside your control-determined by fate and independent of your hard work and decisions. Outcomes within eyour control determined by your hard work attributes or decisions.
Self-confidence
To trust in oneself and in particular in one’s ability or aptitude to engage successfully or at least adequately within the world
Self-esteem
Our cognitive and above all emotional appraisal of our own worth. More than that, it is the matrix through which we thunk, feel, and act, and reflects and determines our relation to ourselves, others and to the world
Schema
Mental template that helps us understand our world
Self schema
Beliefs about self that organized and guide the processing of self relevant information
Upward social comparison
Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular ability
Downward social comparison
Comparing yourself to people who are worse than you on a particular trait or ability
Negative self-esteem
Low self concept yet high ideals of who we can be can result in
Learned helplessness (Martin Seligman)
Hopelessness and resignation is learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated or bad events
Self-determination
Feeling in control. Development of self discipline. Choices and perceived control
Self-serving attributions
Crediting internal forces for success, external factors for failure
Belief in a just world (Marvin Lerner)
The assumption that people get with the desert and deserve what they get.
Self presentation
Desire for people to believe we are a certain way (impression Management)
Self handicapping
The strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a test, they can avoid blaming themselves
Self-monitoring
Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in a social situation and just one’s performance to create the desired impression
High self monitors
And justice situations more easily and are more socially skilled. Social chameleons. They have less intimate social relationships and an individualistic cultures may judge others more superficially.
Low self monitors
Act in ways more consistent with their true thoughts and are less interested in bidding in or presenting the proper image. They may appear intensive or stubborn
Individualists
Are more likely to self monitor and typically imagine what a pro typical person but I Deleigh do in the situation it is just behavior to fit the image
Collectivists
Have context specific self concepts and are typically low self monitors that I think about what they usually do in a particular situation and act accordingly
Trait self-esteem
Refers to an individual’s general pattern of self-esteem over a lifetime. This is a baseline level or internal setpoint. Self-esteem is a stable tree we have, not affect hisignificantly affected by various forces
State self-esteem
Refers to the type of self-esteem which is vulnerable to him the menterry fluctuations. The flucuates up or down but eventually return sweet baselines of steam
Self efficacy
The intersection of self-concept and self-esteem
Conceptualized by Bindura in year 1977 who was a social learning theorist
A persons estimate is that a given behavior will lead to a certain outcome. This in this is an extent to which we are able to achieve the goals we send
Interpersonal
Good with people and thrive in social interactions. They are good at reading, empathizing, and understanding others. They are good at working with others and have many friends. They learn best through interaction and dialouge.
Intrapersonal
Adept at looking inward and figuring out their own feelings, motivations and goals. They are introspective and seek understanding. They are intuitive and typically introverted. They learn best independently.
Six primary Motives of the Self
To be known To kniw oneself To feel in control O be viewed positively To view onself positively To view oneself positiviely To belong
Categories of Self
Physical - physical self adaptions
Social- social role
Psychological - personality
Hollistic: comprehensive or vauge characteristics
So what is the self
Sum of total of who and what we are (consciously and unconsciously)
- Varies between people
- Changes with experiences
- changes with Effort
3 Frameworks: self concept, self esteem, self efficacy
Looking Glass Self
A social psychologist concept, created by cooley 1902
A persons self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others
The looking glass self: 3 step process
Step 1: we imagine how our personality and appears to others
Step 2: we imagine how other people judge the appearance we think we present in step one
Step 3: we develop a self concept based on how we feel we are judged in step two
Functions of self esteem
Sense of belonging
Sense of meaningfulness
How does self esteem develop
Others feedback- early in life
Positive Regard (Carl Rogers)
-positive Feedback Acceptance
- conditional Positive Regard: refers to giving positive regard and acceptance only in certain conditions
Unconditional Psoitive Regard: refers to giving positive regard and acceptance at all times and in all situations
Empathetic Listening
Acknowldge
Summarize
Empathize vs Advise
-Capture the essence of the feeling
Self Actualization
Can only occur with Congruence Fully functioning persons. -open to experience Existential living Trust feelings creativity Fullfilled life
